Optimal Experience and Meaning: Which Relationship?

A large number of studies conducted in the last twenty years show that optimal experience is a positive and complex condition in which cognitive, motivational and emotional components coexist in a coherent and articulated reciprocal integration. By virtue of its positive psychological features, optimal experience has been sometimes misunderstood as a state which automatically brings about well-being and development. Several studies have disconfirmed this assumption, showing that the outcomes of optimal experience are not automatically positive. Rather, they vary according to the features of the associated activities and to the value system of the cultural environment. Researchers in this domain have been primarily devoted their attention to the structure of the activities that promote optimal experience, and to the goal pursuit they facilitate. Goals are given a prominent role in development in that they provide individuals with practical orientation and purpose in life. But something is missing in this framework: meaning. What do we know about the relationship between optimal experience and meaning making? Based on findings coming from different contexts and cultures, this paper tries to give optimal experience a role within the long-term process of meaning-making

Vivendo em família ou em instituição: a experiência ótima, metas e desafios na vida de adolescentes

The influence of family relationships on adolescents' behavior and development has been widely investigated. This study examines the relationship between family structure and a) adolescents' quality of experience in daily activities and social contexts b) adolescents' perceived life influences, challenges and goals. To achieve this aim, Flow Questionnaire and Life Theme Questionnaire were administered to 50 Italian girls (15-21 years of age), 25 living in two-parent families, 25 entrusted to Institutions for Custody of Minors. The findings suggest tha adolescents' perception of a positive and supportive family enviroment fosters the active search for challenges and enjoyment in daily activities, and the involvement in productive and social contexts. On the contrary , negative family perception is related to lack of engagement and motivation, and to the prevalence of low-challenge activities as sources of enjoyment and satisfaction. Although the sample size does not allow us to draw conclusions about causality, the results confirm the crucial role of family in influencing adolescents' psychological and behavioral development.A influência das relações familiares no comportamento e desenvolvimento de adolescentes tem sido amplamente investigada. Este estudo examina a relação entre a estrutura familiar e a qualidade das experiências de adolescentes nas atividades diárias e contextos sociais, e a percepção que eles têm das influências em suas vidas, de seus desafios e metas. Para atingir estes objetivos, Flow Questionnaire e o Life Theme Questionnaire foram aplicados a 50 adolescentes italianas (15-21 anos), 25 vivendo em famílias com ambos os pais, 25 em Instituições Abrigo. Os dados sugerem que a percepção dos adolescentes de um ambiente familiar positivo e acolhedor incentiva a busca por atividades diárias desafiadoras e agradáveis e o envolvimento em contextos sociais produtivos. Ao contrário, uma percepção negativa da família está relacionada com falta de engajamento e motivação e a prevalência de atividades com baixo índice de desafio como fonte de divertimento e satisfação. Os resultados, apesar de se ter uma amostra pequena que não permite generalizações, confirmam o papel crucial da família no influenciar o desenvolvimento psicológico e comportamental dos adolescentes

Vivendo em família ou em instituição: a experiência ótima, metas e desafios na vida de adolescentes

The influence of family relationships on adolescents' behavior and development has been widely investigated. This study examines the relationship between family structure and a) adolescents' quality of experience in daily activities and social contexts b) adolescents' perceived life influences, challenges and goals. To achieve this aim, Flow Questionnaire and Life Theme Questionnaire were administered to 50 Italian girls (15-21 years of age), 25 living in two-parent families, 25 entrusted to Institutions for Custody of Minors. The findings suggest tha adolescents' perception of a positive and supportive family enviroment fosters the active search for challenges and enjoyment in daily activities, and the involvement in productive and social contexts. On the contrary , negative family perception is related to lack of engagement and motivation, and to the prevalence of low-challenge activities as sources of enjoyment and satisfaction. Although the sample size does not allow us to draw conclusions about causality, the results confirm the crucial role of family in influencing adolescents' psychological and behavioral development.A influência das relações familiares no comportamento e desenvolvimento de adolescentes tem sido amplamente investigada. Este estudo examina a relação entre a estrutura familiar e a qualidade das experiências de adolescentes nas atividades diárias e contextos sociais, e a percepção que eles têm das influências em suas vidas, de seus desafios e metas. Para atingir estes objetivos, Flow Questionnaire e o Life Theme Questionnaire foram aplicados a 50 adolescentes italianas (15-21 anos), 25 vivendo em famílias com ambos os pais, 25 em Instituições Abrigo. Os dados sugerem que a percepção dos adolescentes de um ambiente familiar positivo e acolhedor incentiva a busca por atividades diárias desafiadoras e agradáveis e o envolvimento em contextos sociais produtivos. Ao contrário, uma percepção negativa da família está relacionada com falta de engajamento e motivação e a prevalência de atividades com baixo índice de desafio como fonte de divertimento e satisfação. Os resultados, apesar de se ter uma amostra pequena que não permite generalizações, confirmam o papel crucial da família no influenciar o desenvolvimento psicológico e comportamental dos adolescentes

Deficiency, rehabilitation and individual development: psychological and trans-cultural questions

By means of a ceaseless information exchange with the environment, humans attain progressively higher levels of complexity in behavior. They play an active role in the interaction with their social context, selectively replicating in daily life some cultural information units, in terms of activities, interests, relationships, sources of knowledge. This process has been defined Psychological Selection and it is guided by the quality pf experience a subject perceives in dealing with environmental information and opportunities for action. Optimal Experience, or Flow, fosters individual development, inducing the subject to look for more and more complex opportunities for action, to face with improving abilities. It contributes to the identification and building of an individual's Life Theme, which comprises the basic life goals and lifelong targets. This perspective has only recently been adopted in the study of organic and psychic pathology, and even more rarely in the cross-cultural comparison of pathological samples. As concerns disability, studies have emphasized the importance of Optimal Experience in fostering individual's physical as well as social functioning among blind and paraplegic adult people, as well as among disabled children.Por meio de uma troca incessante de informação com o ambiente, os humanos atingem progressivamente níveis cada vez mais altos de complexidade comportamental. Eles desempenham um papel ativo na interação com o seu contexto social, reaplicando seletivamente algumas unidades de informação cultural, em termos de atividades, interesses, relacionamentos, fontes de conhecimento. Este processo tem sido chamado de Seleção Psicológica, e é guiado pela qualidade da experiência que o sujeito percebe ao lidar com a informação ambiental e as oportunidades de ação. A Experiência Ótima nutre o desenvolvimento individual, induzindo o sujeito a procurar por oportunidades de ação cada vez mais complexas, de modo a fazer face ao aumento de habilidades. Ela contribui para a identificação e construção de um Fio Condutor da Vida, que compreende metas básicas e objetivos de longo alcance. Esta perspectiva apenas recentemente tem sido adotada no estudo da patologia psíquica e orgânica, e ainda mais raramente na comparação trans-cultural de amostras clínicas. No que diz respeito à deficiência, estudos têm enfatizado a importância da Experiência Ótima no promover o funcionamento físico e social do indivíduo entre os adultos cegos e paraplégicos, como entre crianças deficientes

Deficiência, reabilitação e desenvolvimento do indivíduo: questões psicológicas e trans-culturais

Por meio de uma troca incessante de informação com o ambiente, os humanos atingem progressivamente níveis cada vez mais altos de complexidade comportamental. Eles desempenham um papel ativo na interação com o seu contexto social, reaplicando seletivamente algumas unidades de informação cultural, em termos de atividades, interesses, relacionamentos, fontes de conhecimento. Este processo tem sido chamado de Seleção Psicológica, e é guiado pela qualidade da experiência que o sujeito percebe ao lidar com a informação ambiental e as oportunidades de ação. A Experiência Ótima nutre o desenvolvimento individual, induzindo o sujeito a procurar por oportunidades de ação cada vez mais complexas, de modo a fazer face ao aumento de habilidades. Ela contribui para a identificação e construção de um Fio Condutor da Vida, que compreende metas básicas e objetivos de longo alcance. Esta perspectiva apenas recentemente tem sido adotada no estudo da patologia psíquica e orgânica, e ainda mais raramente na comparação trans-cultural de amostras clínicas. No que diz respeito à deficiência, estudos têm enfatizado a importância da Experiência Ótima no promover o funcionamento físico e social do indivíduo entre os adultos cegos e paraplégicos, como entre crianças deficientes

Deficiency, rehabilitation and individual development: psychological and trans-cultural questions

Por meio de uma troca incessante de informação com o ambiente, os humanos atingem progressivamente níveis cada vez mais altos de complexidade comportamental. Eles desempenham um papel ativo na interação com o seu contexto social, reaplicando seletivamente algumas unidades de informação cultural, em termos de atividades, interesses, relacionamentos, fontes de conhecimento. Este processo tem sido chamado de Seleção Psicológica, e é guiado pela qualidade da experiência que o sujeito percebe ao lidar com a informação ambiental e as oportunidades de ação. A Experiência Ótima nutre o desenvolvimento individual, induzindo o sujeito a procurar por oportunidades de ação cada vez mais complexas, de modo a fazer face ao aumento de habilidades. Ela contribui para a identificação e construção de um Fio Condutor da Vida, que compreende metas básicas e objetivos de longo alcance. Esta perspectiva apenas recentemente tem sido adotada no estudo da patologia psíquica e orgânica, e ainda mais raramente na comparação trans-cultural de amostras clínicas. No que diz respeito à deficiência, estudos têm enfatizado a importância da Experiência Ótima no promover o funcionamento físico e social do indivíduo entre os adultos cegos e paraplégicos, como entre crianças deficientes.By means of a ceaseless information exchange with the environment, humans attain progressively higher levels of complexity in behavior. They play an active role in the interaction with their social context, selectively replicating in daily life some cultural information units, in terms of activities, interests, relationships, sources of knowledge. This process has been defined Psychological Selection and it is guided by the quality pf experience a subject perceives in dealing with environmental information and opportunities for action. Optimal Experience, or Flow, fosters individual development, inducing the subject to look for more and more complex opportunities for action, to face with improving abilities. It contributes to the identification and building of an individual's Life Theme, which comprises the basic life goals and lifelong targets. This perspective has only recently been adopted in the study of organic and psychic pathology, and even more rarely in the cross-cultural comparison of pathological samples. As concerns disability, studies have emphasized the importance of Optimal Experience in fostering individual's physical as well as social functioning among blind and paraplegic adult people, as well as among disabled children

A Longitudinal Study on Motherhood and Well-Being: Developmental and Clinical Implications

Pregnancy and puerperium are crucial periods at both the biological and psychological levels. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate women's perceived health and illness during pregnancy and puerperium through the assessment of hedonic and eudaimonic components of well-being, symptoms of peripartum depression, and their relationship. Nineteen women recruited at the Unit of Obstetrics and Gy-necology of a university hospital in Northern Italy were enrolled and answered a set of questionnaires at two time points: 20-22 weeks of gestation and 6 months after childbirth. Results showed a substantial lack of correlation between the dimensions of mental illness and mental health. The analysis of the well- and ill-being components showed low levels of depression as well as good levels of mental health, especially concerning the eudaimonic components of well-being, both during and after pregnancy. Overall, findings attested to a general stability of well-being over pregnancy and puerperium. El embarazo y el puerperio son periodos cruciales tanto a nivel biológico como psicológico. El objetivo de este estudio longitudinal fue investigar la percepción de las mujeres sobre su salud y enfermedad durante el embarazo y el puerperio mediante la evaluación de componentes hedónicos y eudaimónicos del bienestar, síntomas de depresión, y sus relaciones. Participaron 19 mujeres contactadas en la Unidad de Obstetricia y Ginecología de un hospital italiano, quienes respondieron a unos cuestionarios a las 20-22 semanas de la gestación y a los 6 meses tras el parto. Los resultados mostraron una sustancial falta de correlación entre dimensiones de salud y de enfermedad mental. El análisis del bienestar y malestar mostraron bajos niveles de depresión así como buenos niveles de salud mental, especialmente en los componentes eudaimónicos del bienestar, tanto durante como después del embarazo. Globalmente nuestros hallazgos indican una estabilidad general del bienestar en el embarazo y el puerperio

Glucocorticoids and Antivirals for HBV Reactivation in Onco-Hematologic Patients.

Patients with inactive or occult hepatitis B virus infection and onco-hematological malignancies are at risk of hepatitis flare, hepatic failure and death due to chemotherapy-mediated reactivation. Nucleot(s)ide analogues can reduce reactivation risks and/or hepatitis. However, immuno-mediated phenomena combine to determine liver damage and clinical outcome. We describe in this report two patients with onco-hematological malignancies and hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy in whom glucocorticoids were added to nucleot(s)ide. Antiviral therapy was effective on replication, while glucocorticoids managed hyperergic response. One patient without underlying liver disease survived, while the second died and the autopsy demonstrated cirrhosis undetected before death. This clinical trial suggests that in patients with onco-hematological malignancies and altered liver function tests in spite of effective antiviral response, glucocorticoids could control the effects of immune response. However prognosis and survival are related to the underlying liver status

Promoting well-being in old age : the psychological benefits of two training programs of adapted physical activity

In the last few decades, the relationship between physical conditions and mental health has increasingly attracted the interest of researchers and professionals across disciplines. This relationship is especially relevant in old age, as the challenges posed by aging at various levels represent crucial concerns for policy makers. Due to the remarkable increase in life expectancy across countries, sustainable prevention strategies are needed to help individuals preserve psychophysical well-being in old age. In particular, the regular practice of a moderately intense physical activity is recommended by the World Health Organization to enhance balance, prevent falls, strengthen muscles, and promote psychophysical well-being. Daily physical exercise represents a beneficial and low-cost strategy, easily accessible to the general population and potentially customizable to specific needs through brief training programs. Based on these premises, the present research aimed at longitudinally evaluating mental well-being among 58 Italian people aged 67-85, who were involved in two Adapted Physical Activity (APA) training programs. Inclusion criteria for participation comprised high autonomy levels in daily activities, no cognitive impairment, sedentary habits or only occasional performance of moderate physical activity. Based on physical and functional assessment, 39 participants joined a program of adapted motor activity (PoliFit; Study 1), while 19 participants attended a variant program specifically designed for people with osteoporosis (OsteoFit; Study 2). Well-being dimensions were assessed through the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Physical functioning were evaluated before and after the programs through the Short Physical Performance Battery and the Handgrip Dynamometer Jamar Test. Findings highlighted that, besides physical benefits, participants reported significantly more adaptive emotion regulation strategies after both training programs; in addition, participants attending OsteoFit reported significantly higher levels of emotional well-being. Results suggest the potential of moderate physical activity in promoting mental health, emphasizing the additional role of training programs as cost-effective opportunities for elderly people to socialize and improve emotional functioning. Overall, the findings support the view of old age as a stage of competence development and adaptive adjustment, rather than a phase of mere psychophysical decline