EUROPEAN RESUSCITATION COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR RESUSCITATION 2010

Osnovno održavanje života odraslih. – Svi spašavatelji, bilo osposobljeni ili ne, kod žrtava kardijalnog aresta moraju primijeniti vanjsku masažu srca. Cilj je pritisnuti prsni koš do dubine od najmanje 5 cm, frekvencijom od najmanje 100 kompresija u minuti, ali i dopustiti ponovo odizanje prsnog koša, te smanjiti prekide u kompresijama. Osposobljeni bi spašavatelji trebali primijeniti i ventilaciju s omjerom kompresija-ventilacija od 30:2. Liječenje strujom. – Mnogo je veći naglasak na smanjivanju trajanja stanki prije ili poslije defibrilacije; preporučuje se nastavak vanjske masaže srca tijekom punjenja defibrilatora. Potiče se daljnji razvoj programa automatskih vanjskih defibrilatora (AED). Napredno održavanje života odraslih. – Naglašena je važnost visokokvalitetnih kompresija na prsni koš tijekom provođenja ALS-a, koje se prekidaju samo kako bi se omogućili specifični postupci. Uklanja se preporuka o potrebi reanimacije tijekom određenog vremena prije defibrilacije nakon kardijalnog aresta izvan bolnice, kojemu nije svjedočilo osoblje hitne medicinske pomoći. Smanjena je uloga prekordijalnog udarca. Primjena lijekova putem endotrahealnog tubusa više se ne preporučuje, već se lijekovi moraju primijeniti intraosealnim (IO) pristupom. Atropin se više ne preporučuje za rutinsku primjenu tijekom asistolije ili električne aktivnosti bez pulsa. Smanjen je naglasak na ranu endotrahealnu intubaciju ako ju ne provodi visokostručna osoba uz najmanji mogući prekid vanjske masaže srca. Povećan je naglasak na uporabu kapnografije. Prepoznat je moguć štetan učinak hiperoksemije. Revidirana je preporuka za kontrolu glikemije. Preporučuje se primjena terapijske hipotermije kod komatoznih bolesnika nakon kardijalnog aresta povezanog s početnim ritmovima koji se defibriliraju, kao i onima koji se ne defibriliraju, za ove druge sa smanjenom razinom dokaza. Početno zbrinjavanje akutnih koronarnih sindroma. – Uveden je pojam infarkt miokarda bez ST-elevacije–akutni koronarni sindrom (NSTEMI-ACS) koji obuhvaća infarkt miokarda bez elevacije ST-spojnice i nestabilnu anginu pektoris. Primarna PCI (PPCI) najpoželjniji je reperfuzijski postupak, uz uvjet da ga obavi iskusan tim i u skladu s vremenskim okvirima. U liječenju bi trebalo izbjegavati nesteroidne protuupalne lijekove, rutinsku intravensku primjenu beta-blokatora i kisik – osim u slučaju hipoksemije, zaduhe ili zastoja na plućima. Održavanje života djece. – Odluka o započinjanju reanimacije mora se donijeti u manje od 10 sekundi. Laike treba podučavati reanimaciji s omjerom 30 kompresija naprama 2 ventilacije, a spašavatelji koji imaju dužnost odgovoriti na poziv trebaju primjenjivati omjer kompresije-ventilacije od 15:2, međutim, ako su sami, mogu primijeniti omjer od 30:2. Ventilacija i dalje ostaje vrlo važna sastavnica reanimacije asfiksijskog aresta. Naglasak je na postizanju kvalitetnih kompresija frekvencije najmanje 100, ali ne više od 120 u minuti, uz minimalne prekide. Automatski vanjski defibrilatori sigurni su i uspješni kada se primjenjuju kod djece starije od jedne godine. Za defibrilaciju kod djece preporučuje se jedna defibrilacija od 4 J/kg čija se jačina ne povećava. Sa sigurnošću se mogu rabi endotrahealni tubusi s balončićem i kod dojenčadi i kod mlađe djece. Monitoriranje izdahnutog ugljikova dioksida (CO2), najbolje kapnografijom, preporučuje se tijekom reanimacije. Reanimacija novorođenčadi na porodu. – Kod neugrožene novorođenčadi sada se preporučuje odgađanje podvezivanja pupčane vrpce od najmanje jedne minute nakon potpunog rođenja djeteta. Za donošenu novorođenčad, tijekom reanimacije pri porodu trebao bi se rabiti zrak. Za nedonoščad mlađu od 32 tjedna gestacije treba razumno primijeniti mješavinu kisika i zraka te primjena treba biti vođena pulsnim oksimetrom. Nedonoščad mlađu od 28 tjedana gestacije trebalo bi neposredno nakon rođenja potpuno do područja vrata omotati plastičnom folijom, bez sušenja. Preporučen omjer kompresija-ventilacija u reanimaciji novorođenčadi ostaje 3:1. Ne preporučuje se pokušavati aspirirati mekonij iz nosa i usta još nerođenog djeteta, dok mu je glava još na međici. Ako se daje adrenalin, preporučuje se intravenska primjena u dozi od 10 do 30 µg/kg. Kod terminske ili gotovo terminske novorođenčadi s umjerenom do teškom hipoksično-ishemijskom encefalopatijom preporučuje se terapijska hipotermija. Načela podučavanja reanimacije. – Cilj je osigurati da polaznici steknu i zadrže vještine i znanje koje će im omogućiti ispravno djelovanje tijekom stvarnoga kardijalnog aresta te poboljšati ishod bolesnika. Kratki video/kompjutorski tečajevi za samostalno učenje, s minimalnom ulogom instruktora ili bez njega, udruženi s praktičnom nastavom mogu se smatrati jednako učinkovitom alternativom tečajevima osnovnog održavanja života (BLS i AED) koje vode instruktori. U najboljem slučaju, svi bi građani trebali biti osposobljeni za standardnu KPR koja uključuje vanjsku masažu srca i ventilaciju. Znanje i vještine osnovnog i naprednog održavanja života smanjuju se u samo tri do šest mjeseci. Uređaji s glasovnim uputama tijekom reanimacije ili povratnim informacijama unaprjeđuju stjecanje i zadržavanje vještina.Basic Life Support. – All rescuers trained or not, should provide chest compressions to victims of cardiac arrest. The aim should be to push to a depth of at least 5 cm at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute, to allow full chest recoil, and to minimise interruptions in chest compressions. Trained rescuers should also provide ventilations with a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2. Electrical therapies. – Much greater emphasis on minimising the duration of the pre-shock and post-shock pauses; the continuation of compressions during charging of the defibrillator is recommended. Further development of AED programmes is encouraged. Adult Advanced Life Support. – Increased emphasis on high-quality chest compressions throughout any ALS intervention paused briefly only to enable specific interventions. Removal of the recommendation for a pre-specified period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before out-of-hospital defibrillation following cardiac arrest unwitnessed by the EMS. The role of precordial thump is de-emphasized. Delivery of drugs via a tracheal tube is no longer recommended, drugs should be given by the intraosseous (IO) route. Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Reduced emphasis on early tracheal intubation unless achieved by highly skilled individuals with minimal interruptions in chest compressions. Increased emphasis on the use of capnography. Recognition of potential harm caused by hyperoxaemia. Revision of the recommendation of glucose control. Use of therapeutic hypothermia to include comatose survivors of cardiac arrest associated initially with shockable rhythms, as well as non-shockable rhythms, with a lower level of evidence acknowledged for the latter. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. – The term non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction-acute coronary syndrome (non-STEMI-ACS) has been introduced for both NSTEMI and unstable angina pectoris. Primary PCI (PPCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy provided it is performed in a timely manner by an experienced team. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided, as well as routine use of intravenous beta- blockers; oxygen is to be given only to those patients with hypoxaemia, breathlessness or pulmonary congestion. Paediatric Life Support. – The decision to begin resuscitation must be taken in less than 10 seconds. Lay rescuers should be taught to use a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 ventilations, rescuers with a duty to respond should learn and use a 15:2 ratio; however, they can use the 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio if they are alone. Ventilation remains a very important component of resuscitation in asphyxial arrest. The emphasis is on achieving quality compressions with the rate of at least 100 but not greater than 120 per minute, with minimal interruptions. AEDs are safe and successful when used in children older than 1 year. A single shock strategy using a non-escalating dose of 4 J/kg is recommended for defibrillation in children. Cuffed tubes can be used safely in infants and young children. Monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), ideally by capnography, is recommended during resuscitation. Resuscitation of babies at birth. – For uncompromised babies, a delay in cord clamping of at least one minute from the complete delivery is now recommended. For term infants, air should be used fro resuscitation at birth. For preterm babies less than 32 weeks gestation blended oxygen and air should be given judiciously and its use guided by pulse oximetry. Preterm babies of less than 28 weeks gestation should be completely covered in a plastic wrap up to their necks, without drying, immediately after birth. The recommended compression: ventilation ratio remains at 3:1 for newborn resuscitation. Attempts to aspirate meconium from the nose and mouth of the unborn baby, while the head is still on the perineum, are not recommended. If adrenaline is given the n the intravenous route is recommended using a dose of 10–30 µg /kg. Newly born infants born at term or near-term with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy should be treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Principles of education in resuscitation. – The aim is to ensure that learners acquire and retain skill and knowledge that will enable them to act correctly in actual cardiac arrest and improve patient outcome. Short video/computer self-instruction courses, with minimal or no instructor coaching, combined with hands-on practice can be considered as an effective alternative to instructor-led basic life support (BLS and AED) courses. Ideally all citizens should be trained in standard CPR that includes compressions and ventilations. Basic and advanced life support knowledge and skills deteriorate in as little as three to six months. CPR prompt or feedback devices improve CPR skill acquisition and retention

Smjernice za reanimaciju Europskog vijeća za reanimatologiju 2015. godine [European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015]

Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation – Interactions between the emergency medical dispatcher, the bystander who provides CPR and the timely deployment of an AED is critical. All CPR providers should perform chest compressions, those who are trained and able should combine chest compressions and rescue breaths in the ratio 30:2. Defibrillation within 3–5 min of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 50–70%. Adult advanced life support – Continued emphasis on minimally interrupted high-quality chest compressions, paused briefly only to enable specific interventions, including interruptions for less than 5 s to attempt defibrillation. Use of self-adhesive pads for defibrillation. Waveform capnography to confirm and continually monitor tracheal tube placement, quality of CPR and to provide an early indication of return of spontaneous circulation. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances – Special causes: hypoxia; hypo-/hyperkalemia, and other electrolyte disorders; hypo-/hyperthermia; hypovolemia; tension pneumothorax; tamponade; thrombosis; toxins. Special environments are specialised healthcare facilities, commercial airplanes or air ambulances, field of play, outside environment or the scene of a mass casualty incident. Special patients are those with severe comorbidities and with specific physiological conditions. Post resuscitation care is new to the ERC Guidelines. Targeted temperature management remains, now aiming at 36°C instead of the previously recommended 32 – 34°C. Pediatric life support – For chest compressions, the lower sternum should be depressed by at least one third the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest (4 cm for the infant and 5 cm for the child). For cardioversion of a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the initial dose has been revised to 1 J kg–1. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth – For uncompromised babies, a delay in cord clamping of at least one minute from the complete delivery of the infant, is now recommended for term and preterm babies. Tracheal intubation should not be routine in the presence of meconium and should only be performed for suspected tracheal obstruction. Ventilatory support of term infants should start with air. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) – Pre-hospital recording of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is recommended in patients with suspected ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with acute chest pain with presumed ACS do not need supplemental oxygen unless they present with signs of hypoxia, dyspnea, or heart failure. In geographic regions where PCI facilities exist and are available, direct triage and transport for PCI is preferred to pre-hospital fibrinolysis for STEMI. First aid is included for the first time in the 2015 ERC Guidelines. Principles of education in resuscitation – Directive CPR feedback devices are useful for improving compression rate, depth, release, and hand position. Whilst optimal intervals for retraining are not known, frequent ‘low dose’ retraining may be beneficial. Training in non-technical skills is an essential adjunct to technical skills. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions – Ethical principles in the context of patient-centered health care: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence; justice and equal access. The need for harmonisation in legislation, jurisdiction, terminology and practice still remains within Europe

Analiza čimbenika koji utječu na osposobljenost polaznika organiziranog programa trajnog usavršavanja iz područja reanimacije

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) courses in Croatia are not mandatory for (re)certification either for medical doctor or nurses. Also, there is no continuous monitoring of qualifications of health care professionals who take care of acute patients. Organised resuscitation training is intermittently organised. Besides the quality of such programmes, the reason why Croatian doctors attend these courses is also questionable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence competence (knowledge and skills) at an organised programme of continuous education in the filed of reanimatology. Data from the registry of candidates that attended Croatian Resuscitation Council courses between 2002 and 2010 were used (retrospective study). Additional to general data (gender, age, profession, place of work) final course results were available for each candidate, based on the Multiple Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) score and pass/fail score of the Cardiac Arrest Simulation Test (CASTest). During 2009-2010 all candidates received an invitation to participate in the additional study and a structured Questionnaire was especially designed for this purpose. From the total number of 1650 candidates, 793 (46,1%) replied to prospective study. For 857 (53,9%) candidates data were available only from the retrospective study. The results of this study show that 76,7% participants at these courses are medical doctors and 23,3% are nurses. Majority of candidates work in clinical and general hospitals (59,6%) and equal number (20,2%) in EMS and Health Care Centres, respectively. There are statistically significant differences (p<0,001) between candidates (medical doctors and nurses) according to their work experience: younger doctors (work experience between 1-4 years and little resuscitation experience) and experienced nurses (with 10 and more years of work experience who participate in resuscitation more often). Hypothesis that internal motivation is the most important predictor of competence (knowledge and skills) at the organised programme of continuous education is not confirmed. Regression analysis showed significant relation of all motivators with the final result of the course, but neither of internal motivators showed to be important. However, in the group of doctors, three external motivators (independent decision to attend the course i.e. not sent by the institution, collecting CME credits not a reason for attendance and the need of everyday work) showed importance in relation to good final score. Neither of the motivators was related to the final course result for nurses. Hypothesis that competency of candidates at the end of the course is related to their profession (medical doctor or nurse) is fully confirmed for the group of non-responders but partially for the group of responders and total number of candidates, respectively. In the group of non-responders there is no significant statistical difference between the two professions either in the relation to final course result (combination of MCQ and CASTest) or each of the component separately. In the group of responders and total number of candidates there is no significant statistical difference between medical doctors and nurses in the CASTest, however, there is significant statistical difference for the results of MCQ and the final result of the course, respectively. Such findings can be probaly explained with two facts: 1) these courses in Croatia are attended by nurses who more often work in hospitals, have longer work experience and have participated in greater number of resuscitations than medical doctors, 2) medical doctors have greater underlying theoretical knowledge which they acquired during medical school, comparing to most of nurses (60,1%), who only have medium level of nursing education. This study confirmed the hypothesis that personal evaluation of the course is related to the final results of the course. Both groups of participants (medical doctors and nurses) expressed their satisfaction giving high marks for the content, organization and the course in total, which is related to their high passing score for MCQ, CASTest and final course result. Regression analysis showed statistically significant (p<0,001) relation of positive evaluation of the course with the competence of candidates at the end of the course. It is noticed that in the group of medical doctors better results have those who considered the course more as the refresher of their knowledge rather than acquirement of new knowledge, while for nurses neither of the evaluations of the course have been depicted. The results of regression analysis show that many factors influence the competence of candidates at the end of the course (statistically significant model, p<0,001). In the group of medical doctors, substantial impact on the final course result has the opinion about the course (knowledge refreshment, fulfilled expectations from the course, high evaluation of the course in total) and motivators to attend the course (independent decision to attend the course and the need for knowledge and skills due to requirements of everyday work). Neither of these variables showed connection with the final course result in the group of nurses. This study showed the need and justification of an organized education in the field of reanimatology for health care professionals. The model organized and performed by the Croatian Resuscitation Council showed to be widely accepted and efficient. The results of this study also contribute to the understang of attitudes of Croatian medical doctors and nurses in regards to the need of education in resuscitation for helath care professionals, medical students and lay people. However, in the future work, the results of this study (factors that influence attendance and competence of candidates) should be considered to continuously monitor, evaluate and improve the quality of such education in accordance to international guidelines and specific needs in Croatia

EUROPEAN RESUSCITATION COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR RESUSCITATION 2010

Osnovno održavanje života odraslih. – Svi spašavatelji, bilo osposobljeni ili ne, kod žrtava kardijalnog aresta moraju primijeniti vanjsku masažu srca. Cilj je pritisnuti prsni koš do dubine od najmanje 5 cm, frekvencijom od najmanje 100 kompresija u minuti, ali i dopustiti ponovo odizanje prsnog koša, te smanjiti prekide u kompresijama. Osposobljeni bi spašavatelji trebali primijeniti i ventilaciju s omjerom kompresija-ventilacija od 30:2. Liječenje strujom. – Mnogo je veći naglasak na smanjivanju trajanja stanki prije ili poslije defibrilacije; preporučuje se nastavak vanjske masaže srca tijekom punjenja defibrilatora. Potiče se daljnji razvoj programa automatskih vanjskih defibrilatora (AED). Napredno održavanje života odraslih. – Naglašena je važnost visokokvalitetnih kompresija na prsni koš tijekom provođenja ALS-a, koje se prekidaju samo kako bi se omogućili specifični postupci. Uklanja se preporuka o potrebi reanimacije tijekom određenog vremena prije defibrilacije nakon kardijalnog aresta izvan bolnice, kojemu nije svjedočilo osoblje hitne medicinske pomoći. Smanjena je uloga prekordijalnog udarca. Primjena lijekova putem endotrahealnog tubusa više se ne preporučuje, već se lijekovi moraju primijeniti intraosealnim (IO) pristupom. Atropin se više ne preporučuje za rutinsku primjenu tijekom asistolije ili električne aktivnosti bez pulsa. Smanjen je naglasak na ranu endotrahealnu intubaciju ako ju ne provodi visokostručna osoba uz najmanji mogući prekid vanjske masaže srca. Povećan je naglasak na uporabu kapnografije. Prepoznat je moguć štetan učinak hiperoksemije. Revidirana je preporuka za kontrolu glikemije. Preporučuje se primjena terapijske hipotermije kod komatoznih bolesnika nakon kardijalnog aresta povezanog s početnim ritmovima koji se defibriliraju, kao i onima koji se ne defibriliraju, za ove druge sa smanjenom razinom dokaza. Početno zbrinjavanje akutnih koronarnih sindroma. – Uveden je pojam infarkt miokarda bez ST-elevacije–akutni koronarni sindrom (NSTEMI-ACS) koji obuhvaća infarkt miokarda bez elevacije ST-spojnice i nestabilnu anginu pektoris. Primarna PCI (PPCI) najpoželjniji je reperfuzijski postupak, uz uvjet da ga obavi iskusan tim i u skladu s vremenskim okvirima. U liječenju bi trebalo izbjegavati nesteroidne protuupalne lijekove, rutinsku intravensku primjenu beta-blokatora i kisik – osim u slučaju hipoksemije, zaduhe ili zastoja na plućima. Održavanje života djece. – Odluka o započinjanju reanimacije mora se donijeti u manje od 10 sekundi. Laike treba podučavati reanimaciji s omjerom 30 kompresija naprama 2 ventilacije, a spašavatelji koji imaju dužnost odgovoriti na poziv trebaju primjenjivati omjer kompresije-ventilacije od 15:2, međutim, ako su sami, mogu primijeniti omjer od 30:2. Ventilacija i dalje ostaje vrlo važna sastavnica reanimacije asfiksijskog aresta. Naglasak je na postizanju kvalitetnih kompresija frekvencije najmanje 100, ali ne više od 120 u minuti, uz minimalne prekide. Automatski vanjski defibrilatori sigurni su i uspješni kada se primjenjuju kod djece starije od jedne godine. Za defibrilaciju kod djece preporučuje se jedna defibrilacija od 4 J/kg čija se jačina ne povećava. Sa sigurnošću se mogu rabi endotrahealni tubusi s balončićem i kod dojenčadi i kod mlađe djece. Monitoriranje izdahnutog ugljikova dioksida (CO2), najbolje kapnografijom, preporučuje se tijekom reanimacije. Reanimacija novorođenčadi na porodu. – Kod neugrožene novorođenčadi sada se preporučuje odgađanje podvezivanja pupčane vrpce od najmanje jedne minute nakon potpunog rođenja djeteta. Za donošenu novorođenčad, tijekom reanimacije pri porodu trebao bi se rabiti zrak. Za nedonoščad mlađu od 32 tjedna gestacije treba razumno primijeniti mješavinu kisika i zraka te primjena treba biti vođena pulsnim oksimetrom. Nedonoščad mlađu od 28 tjedana gestacije trebalo bi neposredno nakon rođenja potpuno do područja vrata omotati plastičnom folijom, bez sušenja. Preporučen omjer kompresija-ventilacija u reanimaciji novorođenčadi ostaje 3:1. Ne preporučuje se pokušavati aspirirati mekonij iz nosa i usta još nerođenog djeteta, dok mu je glava još na međici. Ako se daje adrenalin, preporučuje se intravenska primjena u dozi od 10 do 30 µg/kg. Kod terminske ili gotovo terminske novorođenčadi s umjerenom do teškom hipoksično-ishemijskom encefalopatijom preporučuje se terapijska hipotermija. Načela podučavanja reanimacije. – Cilj je osigurati da polaznici steknu i zadrže vještine i znanje koje će im omogućiti ispravno djelovanje tijekom stvarnoga kardijalnog aresta te poboljšati ishod bolesnika. Kratki video/kompjutorski tečajevi za samostalno učenje, s minimalnom ulogom instruktora ili bez njega, udruženi s praktičnom nastavom mogu se smatrati jednako učinkovitom alternativom tečajevima osnovnog održavanja života (BLS i AED) koje vode instruktori. U najboljem slučaju, svi bi građani trebali biti osposobljeni za standardnu KPR koja uključuje vanjsku masažu srca i ventilaciju. Znanje i vještine osnovnog i naprednog održavanja života smanjuju se u samo tri do šest mjeseci. Uređaji s glasovnim uputama tijekom reanimacije ili povratnim informacijama unaprjeđuju stjecanje i zadržavanje vještina.Basic Life Support. – All rescuers trained or not, should provide chest compressions to victims of cardiac arrest. The aim should be to push to a depth of at least 5 cm at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute, to allow full chest recoil, and to minimise interruptions in chest compressions. Trained rescuers should also provide ventilations with a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2. Electrical therapies. – Much greater emphasis on minimising the duration of the pre-shock and post-shock pauses; the continuation of compressions during charging of the defibrillator is recommended. Further development of AED programmes is encouraged. Adult Advanced Life Support. – Increased emphasis on high-quality chest compressions throughout any ALS intervention paused briefly only to enable specific interventions. Removal of the recommendation for a pre-specified period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before out-of-hospital defibrillation following cardiac arrest unwitnessed by the EMS. The role of precordial thump is de-emphasized. Delivery of drugs via a tracheal tube is no longer recommended, drugs should be given by the intraosseous (IO) route. Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Reduced emphasis on early tracheal intubation unless achieved by highly skilled individuals with minimal interruptions in chest compressions. Increased emphasis on the use of capnography. Recognition of potential harm caused by hyperoxaemia. Revision of the recommendation of glucose control. Use of therapeutic hypothermia to include comatose survivors of cardiac arrest associated initially with shockable rhythms, as well as non-shockable rhythms, with a lower level of evidence acknowledged for the latter. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. – The term non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction-acute coronary syndrome (non-STEMI-ACS) has been introduced for both NSTEMI and unstable angina pectoris. Primary PCI (PPCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy provided it is performed in a timely manner by an experienced team. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided, as well as routine use of intravenous beta- blockers; oxygen is to be given only to those patients with hypoxaemia, breathlessness or pulmonary congestion. Paediatric Life Support. – The decision to begin resuscitation must be taken in less than 10 seconds. Lay rescuers should be taught to use a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 ventilations, rescuers with a duty to respond should learn and use a 15:2 ratio; however, they can use the 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio if they are alone. Ventilation remains a very important component of resuscitation in asphyxial arrest. The emphasis is on achieving quality compressions with the rate of at least 100 but not greater than 120 per minute, with minimal interruptions. AEDs are safe and successful when used in children older than 1 year. A single shock strategy using a non-escalating dose of 4 J/kg is recommended for defibrillation in children. Cuffed tubes can be used safely in infants and young children. Monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), ideally by capnography, is recommended during resuscitation. Resuscitation of babies at birth. – For uncompromised babies, a delay in cord clamping of at least one minute from the complete delivery is now recommended. For term infants, air should be used fro resuscitation at birth. For preterm babies less than 32 weeks gestation blended oxygen and air should be given judiciously and its use guided by pulse oximetry. Preterm babies of less than 28 weeks gestation should be completely covered in a plastic wrap up to their necks, without drying, immediately after birth. The recommended compression: ventilation ratio remains at 3:1 for newborn resuscitation. Attempts to aspirate meconium from the nose and mouth of the unborn baby, while the head is still on the perineum, are not recommended. If adrenaline is given the n the intravenous route is recommended using a dose of 10–30 µg /kg. Newly born infants born at term or near-term with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy should be treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Principles of education in resuscitation. – The aim is to ensure that learners acquire and retain skill and knowledge that will enable them to act correctly in actual cardiac arrest and improve patient outcome. Short video/computer self-instruction courses, with minimal or no instructor coaching, combined with hands-on practice can be considered as an effective alternative to instructor-led basic life support (BLS and AED) courses. Ideally all citizens should be trained in standard CPR that includes compressions and ventilations. Basic and advanced life support knowledge and skills deteriorate in as little as three to six months. CPR prompt or feedback devices improve CPR skill acquisition and retention

EUROPEAN RESUSCITATION COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR RESUSCITATION 2015

Osnovno održavanje života odraslih i automatska vanjska defibrilacija – Ključna je interakcija između dispečera hitne medicinske pomoći (HMP), laika koji pruža kardiopulmonalnu reanimaciju (KPR) i pravodobne uporabe automat­skoga vanjskog defibrilatora (AVD). Svi pružatelji KPR-a trebaju provoditi kompresije prsnog koša, oni koji su uvježbani i sposobni trebaju kombinirati kompresije prsnog koša s umjetnim disanjem, u omjeru 30 : 2. Defibrilacija u roku od 3 do 5 minuta od kolapsa može rezulti­rati visokim preživljavanjem od 50 do 70%. Napredno održavanje života odraslih – Kontinuirani naglasak na minimalne prekide kompresija prsnog koša visoke kvalitete koje se prekidaju kratko samo da bi se omogućili specifični postupci, što uključuje i prekid na manje od 5 sekunda pri pokušaju defibrilacije. Uporaba ­samoljepljivih elektroda za defibrilaciju. ­Valna kapnografija kako bi se potvrdio i kontinuirano monitorirao položaj endotrahealnog tubusa, kvaliteta KPR-a i omogućio rani nagovještaj povratka spontane cirkulacije. Kardijalni arest u posebnim okolno­stima – Posebni uzroci: hipoksija, hipo/hiperkaliemija i ostali elektrolitski poremećaji, hipo/hipertermija, hipovo­lemija, tenzijski pneumotoraks, kardijalna tamponada, tromboza, toksini. Posebno okružje jesu specijalizirani dijelovi ­bolnice, komercijalni avioni ili letjelice zračnoga medicinskog prijevoza, igrališta, vanjsko okružje ili poprište masovne nesreće. Posebni su bolesnici oni s teškim komorbiditetom i posebnim fiziološkim stanjima. Postreanimacijska skrb novi je odjeljak u smjernicama ERC-a. I dalje se preporučuje ciljana kontrola temperature, sada nastojeći postići 36°C, za razliku od ­prethodno preporučena 32–34°C. Osnovno održavanje života djece – Za kompresije prsnog koša donji dio prsne kosti trebalo bi potisnuti barem trećinu antero-posteriornog promjera (4 cm u dojenčeta i 5 cm u djeteta). Za kardioverziju supraventrikularne tahikardije (SVT) početna je doza revidirana do 1 J/kg. Reanimacija i potpora prilagodbi novorođenčeta nakon rođenja – Kod novorođenčadi koja nije ugrožena odgođeno stezanje (klemanje) pupkovine barem jednu minutu od kompletnog porođaja djeteta sad se preporučuje kod terminske novorođenčadi i nedonoščadi. U slučaju mekonijske plodne vode ne treba raditi rutinsku tra­healnu intubaciju, nego samo pri sumnji na opstrukciju dišnoga puta. Ventilacijsku potporu kod terminske novorođenčadi treba započeti zrakom. Akutni koronarni sindromi (AKS) – Izvanbolničko snimanje 12-ka­nalnog EKG-a preporučuje se kod pacijenata sa suspektnim infarktom miokarda sa ST-elevacijom (STEMI). Bolesnici s akutnom boli u prsištu kod kojih se pretpostavlja da imaju AKS ne trebaju dodatni kisik osim ako ne pokazuju znakove hipoksije, dispneje ili kardijalne dekompenzacije. U geografskim regijama gdje postoje i dostupne su ustanove koje provode perkutanu koronarnu intervenciju (PCI) direktna trijaža i transport na PCI preferiraju se s obzirom na izvanbolničku ­fibrinolizu za STEMI. Prva pomoć – po prvi put uključena u smjernice ERC-a 2015. godine. Principi edukacije u reanimatologiji – Uređaji s povratnom spregom o KPR-u korisni su za poboljšanje brzine, dubine i otpuštanja kompresije te položaj ruku. Dok optimalni intervali ponovnog obučavanja nisu poznati, češće obnavljanje u manjem opsegu moglo bi biti korisno. Trening netehničkih vještina esencijalni je dodatak tehničkim vještinama. Etika u reanimatologiji i odluke o kraju života – Etički principi u kontekstu zdravstvene zaštite usmjerene k bolesniku: autonomija, dobrobit i neškodljivost; pravednost i jednaka dostupnost KPR-a. Još prisutna potreba za usklađivanjem u zakonodavstvu, ovlasti, terminologiji i praksi u Europi.Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation – Interactions between the emergency medical dispatcher, the bystander who provides CPR and the timely deployment of an AED is critical. All CPR providers should perform chest compressions, those who are trained and able should combine chest compressions and rescue breaths in the ratio 30:2. Defibrillation within 3–5 min of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 50–70%. Adult advanced life support – Continued emphasis on minimally interrupted high-quality chest compressions, paused briefly only to enable specific interventions, including interruptions for less than 5 s to attempt defibrillation. Use of self-adhesive pads for defibrillation. Waveform capnography to confirm and continually monitor tracheal tube placement, quality of CPR and to provide an early indication of return of spontaneous circulation. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances – Special causes: hypoxia; hypo-/hyperkalemia, and other electrolyte disorders; hypo-/hyperthermia; hypovolemia; tension pneumothorax; tamponade; thrombosis; toxins. Special environments are specialised healthcare facilities, commercial airplanes or air ambulances, field of play, outside environment or the scene of a mass casualty incident. Special patients are those with severe comorbidities and with specific physiological conditions. Post resuscitation care is new to the ERC Guidelines. Targeted temperature management remains, now aiming at 36°C instead of the previously recommended 32 – 34°C. Pediatric life support – For chest compressions, the lower sternum should be depressed by at least one third the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest (4 cm for the infant and 5 cm for the child). For cardioversion of a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the initial dose has been revised to 1 J kg–1. Resuscitation and support of transition of babies at birth – For uncompromised babies, a delay in cord clamping of at least one minute from the complete delivery of the infant, is now recommended for term and preterm babies. Tracheal intubation should not be routine in the presence of meconium and should only be performed for suspected tracheal obstruction. Ventilatory support of term infants should start with air. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) – Pre-hospital recording of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is recommended in patients with suspected ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with acute chest pain with presumed ACS do not need supplemental oxygen unless they present with signs of hypoxia, dyspnea, or heart failure. In geographic regions where PCI facilities exist and are available, direct triage and transport for PCI is preferred to pre-hospital fibrinolysis for STEMI. First aid is included for the first time in the 2015 ERC Guidelines. Principles of education in resuscitation – Directive CPR feedback devices are useful for improving compression rate, depth, release, and hand position. Whilst optimal intervals for retraining are not known, frequent ‘low dose’ retraining may be beneficial. Training in non-technical skills is an essential adjunct to technical skills. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions – Ethical principles in the context of patient-centered health care: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence; justice and equal access. The need for harmonisation in legislation, jurisdiction, terminology and practice still remains within Europ

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015.

Osnovno održavanje života odraslih i automatska vanjska defibrilacija – Ključna je interakcija između dispečera hitne medicinske pomoći (HMP), laika koji pruža kardiopulmonalnu reanimaciju (KPR) i pravodobne uporabe automatskoga vanjskog defibrilatora (AVD). Svi pružatelji KPR-a trebaju provoditi kompresije prsnog koša, oni koji su uvježbani i sposobni trebaju kombinirati kompresije prsnog koša s umjetnim disanjem, u omjeru 30 : 2. Defibrilacija u roku od 3 do 5 minuta od kolapsa može rezultirati visokim preživljavanjem od 50 do 70%. Napredno održavanje života odraslih – Kontinuirani naglasak na minimalne prekide kompresija prsnog koša visoke kvalitete koje se prekidaju kratko samo da bi se omogućili specifični postupci, što uključuje i prekid na manje od 5 sekunda pri pokušaju defibrilacije. Uporaba samoljepljivih elektroda za defibrilaciju. Valna kapnografija kako bi se potvrdio i kontinuirano monitorirao položaj endotrahealnog tubusa, kvaliteta KPR-a i omogućio rani nagovještaj povratka spontane cirkulacije. Kardijalni arest u posebnim okolno stima – Posebni uzroci: hipoksija, hipo/hiperkaliemija i ostali elektrolitski poremećaji, hipo/hipertermija, hipovolemija, tenzijski pneumotoraks, kardijalna tamponada, tromboza, toksini. Posebno okružje jesu specijalizirani dijelovi bolnice, komercijalni avioni ili letjelice zračnoga medicinskog prijevoza, igrališta, vanjsko okružje ili poprište masovne nesreće. Posebni su bolesnici oni s teškim komorbiditetom i posebnim fiziološkim stanjima. Postreanimacijska skrb novi je odjeljak u smjernicama ERC-a. I dalje se preporučuje ciljana kontrola temperature, sada nastojeći postići 36°C, za razliku od prethodno preporučena 32–34°C. Osnovno održavanje života djece – Za kompresije prsnog koša donji dio prsne kosti trebalo bi potisnuti barem trećinu antero-posteriornog promjera (4 cm u dojenčeta i 5 cm u djeteta). Za kardioverziju supraventrikularne tahikardije (SVT) početna je doza revidirana do 1 J/kg. Reanimacija i potpora prilagodbi novorođenčeta nakon rođenja – Kod novorođenčadi koja nije ugrožena odgođeno stezanje (klemanje) pupkovine barem jednu minutu od kompletnog porođaja djeteta sad se preporučuje kod terminske novorođenčadi i nedonoščadi. U slučaju mekonijske plodne vode ne treba raditi rutinsku trahealnu intubaciju, nego samo pri sumnji na opstrukciju dišnoga puta. Ventilacijsku potporu kod terminske novorođenčadi treba započeti zrakom. Akutni koronarni sindromi (AKS) – Izvanbolničko snimanje 12-kanalnog EKG-a preporučuje se kod pacijenata sa suspektnim infarktom miokarda sa ST-elevacijom (STEMI). Bolesnici s akutnom boli u prsištu kod kojih se pretpostavlja da imaju AKS ne trebaju dodatni kisik osim ako ne pokazuju znakove hipoksije, dispneje ili kardijalne dekompenzacije. U geografskim regijama gdje postoje i dostupne su ustanove koje provode perkutanu koronarnu intervenciju (PCI) direktna trijaža i transport na PCI preferiraju se s obzirom na izvanbolničku fi brinolizu za STEMI. Prva pomoć – po prvi put uključena u smjernice ERC-a 2015. godine. Principi edukacije u reanimatologiji – Uređaji s povratnom spregom o KPR-u korisni su za poboljšanje brzine, dubine i otpuštanja kompresije te položaj ruku. Dok optimalni intervali ponovnog obučavanja nisu poznati, češće obnavljanje u manjem opsegu moglo bi biti korisno. Trening netehničkih vještina esencijalni je dodatak tehničkim vještinama. Etika u reanimatologiji i odluke o kraju života – Etički principi u kontekstu zdravstvene zaštite usmjerene k bolesniku: autonomija, dobrobit i neškodljivost ; pravednost i jednaka dostupnost KPR-a. Još prisutna potreba za usklađivanjem u zakonodavstvu, ovlasti, terminologiji i praksi u Europi

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 4. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances

Truhlář A, Deakin CD, Soar J, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Resuscitation. 2015;95:148-201