Impact of the lower third molar presence and position on the risk of fracture in the regions of mandibular angle and condyle

Dosadašnje kliničko-epidemiološke studije su pokazale da prisustvo donjeg trećeg molara (umnjaka), naročito neizniklog, povećava rizik za nastanak preloma donjeviličnog ugla. Međutim, u slučaju odsustva umnjaka, zapažena je veća učestalost preloma zglobnog nastavka donje vilice, koji u odnosu na prelom vličnog ugla iziskuje komplikovaniji hirurški tretman. Kako dosadašnje studije, pored umnjaka, nisu razmatrale i druge faktore rizika za nastanak preloma donjeviličnog ugla i zglobnog nastavka, od značaja je bilo analizirati uticaj umnjaka uporedno sa uticajem drugih faktora rizika (pol i starost pacijenata, etiologija povrede, mesto dejstva traumatske sile) i izdvojiti moguće prediktore ovih preloma. Obzirom na to da nije poznat uticaj umnjaka na distribuciju napona značajnog za nastanak preloma u regionu donjeviličnog ugla i zlobnog nastavka, od značaja je takođe bilo analizirati i distribuciju napona u zavisnosti od prisustva, položaja i stepena izniklosti umnjaka, kao i od mesta dejstva traumatske sile. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj prisustva, položaja i broja korenova donjeg umnjaka na rizik za nastanak preloma u regionu donjeviličnog ugla i zglobnog nastavka. Takođe, cilj je bio i da se proceni uticaj faktora traume (etiologije povrede i mesta dejstva traumatske sile) na ove prelome. Studija se sastojala iz dva zasebna dela: kliničko-epidemiološke studije i analize kompjuterskih modela donje vilice primenom metode konačnih elemenata. U kliničko-epidemiološkom delu studije, prikupljeni podaci su bili bazirani na istorijama bolesti, anamnezi, kliničkom pregledu i načinjenim radiogramima: ortopantomogramu i postero-anteriornom radiogramu donje vilice. Primarne nezavisne varijable su bile: svojstva donjeg umnjaka (prisustvo, stepen izniklosti, vertikalni i horizontalni položaj klasifikovan po Pell-u i Gregory-ju, nagib, odnos prema donjoj ivici donje viice, broj korenova), pol, starost, etiologija povrede i mesto dejstva traumatske sile. Glavne ishodne varijable su bili prelomi donjeviličnih uglova i zglobnih nastavaka. U drugom delu studije analizirani su kompjuterski modeli donje vilice primenom “metode konačnih elemenata” (Finite element Analysis-FEA). Modeli su kreirani na osnovu kompjuterizovano-tomografskih (Computerised Tomography- CT) snimaka donje vilice odrasle muške osobe, sa punim zubnim nizom i izniklim umnjacima...Previous clinically-epidemiological studies suggested that the presence of a lower third molar (wisdom tooth), especially unerupted, increases the risk of mandibular angle fracture. However, in the case of absent third molar, a greater frequency of condylar fractures is noted, the treatment of which is more complicated. Since previous studies have not considered other risk factors besides the the wisdoom tooth, the interest was to analyse the impact of the lower third molar parallel with the impacts of other risk factors (patient gender and age, trauma etiology, site od action of the traumatic force) on mandibular angle and condylar fractures, and to show possible predictors of these fractures. Given that the impact of the wisdom tooth on the distribution of the stress (important for fracture development) in the mandibular angle and condylar regions is not familiar, it was meaningful to analyze the stress distribution in the terms of the presence, position, eruption status of the wisdom tooth, and of the site of action of the impact force. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the lower third molar presence, position and number of the roots, on the risk of mandibular angle and condylar fractures. The aim was also to estimate the influence of trauma factors (trauma etiology and site of action of the impact force) on these fractures. The study consisted of two separate units: clinical-epidemiological study and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the computational models of the lower jaw. In the clinical-epidemiological study, collected data were based on the patient history, anamnesis, clinical examination and radiographs: the ortopantomorgraph and frontal radiograph of the lower jaw. Primary independent variables were: properties of the wisdom tooth (presence, eruption status, vertical and horizontal position classified by Pell and Gregory, angulation, relation to the inferior border of the mandible, number of roots), patient gender and age, trauma etiology and site of action of the impact force. The main outcome variables were the mandibular angle and condylar fractures. In the second part of the study computer models of the lower jaw were analysed by means of Finite element Analysis- FEA. The models were created on the basis of the CT scans of the mandible belonging to an adult male person with full dental arch and erupted third molars..

Proizvodnja sadnica žute lincure (Gentiana lutea L.) za rasad i gajenje u uslovima suvog ratarenja u planinama Srbije

This paper deals with development of yellow gentian nursery plants in the open winter beds established in the mountainous region of Serbia at 1000 m a.s.l. Number, weight and size of one-, two- and three-year-old nursery plants were measured in succession for two years. The one-year-old nursery plants had an average 1.5 g fresh weight and 0.4 g dry weight, while the average length and width of the thickened root parts were 6.0 cm and 0.4 cm, respectively. The average fresh and dry root weights of the two-year-old nursery plants were 4.9 g and 1.4 g, respectively, with the length and width of the thickened root part 10.8 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively. The average root weights of the three-year-old plantlets were 15.6 g (fresh weight) and 4.7 g (dry weight), but they were too branchy and difficult for transplanting into the field. The average number of yellow gentian nursery plants per m2 of the open winter bed, following the first, second and third growing year were 714, 243 and 95, respectively. Two-year-old nursery plants proved to be the most suitable for establishing large-scale plantations for the production of yellow gentian root under dry farming conditions in the mountains of Serbia.U radu je prikazan razvoj sadnica žute lincure u rasadniku u otvorenim zimskim lejama zasnovanim u planinskom regionu Srbije na 1000 m nadmorske visine. Meren je broj, masa i veličina sadnica jednogodišnje, dvogodišnje i trogodišnje starosti u sukcesiji tokom dve godine. Sadnice jednogodišnje starosti imale su prosečnu masu 1,5 g (svežu) odnosno 0,4 g (suvu) i prosečnu dužinu zadebljalog dela korena 6,0 cm sa prosečnom debljinom 0,4 cm. Prosečna masa svežeg korena sadnica dvogodišnje starosti je bila 4,9 g a suvog korena 1,4 g uz dužinu zadebljalog dela korena 10,8 cm i debljinu vrata korena 1,2 cm. Prosečne mase korena trogodišnjih sadnica su iznosile 15,6 g (sveža), odnosno 4,7 g (suva), ali je koren ovih sadnica bio previše razgranat i stoga nepodesan za plantažnu sadnju. Prosečan broj dobijenih sadnica po m2 leje na kraju prve godine je iznosio 714, na kraju druge 243 i treće 95. Dvogodišnje sadnice žute lincure proizvedene u otvorenim zimskim lejama, po svojim karakteristikama se se pokazale kao najpogodnije za zasnivanju plantaža lincure za proizvodnju korena u uslovima suvog ratarenja u planinama Srbije

Aerobna i anaerobna inkubacija - biološki indeksi pristupačnosti azota zemljišta

Our researches have been made on brown forest soil that had been used in long-term experiments set up according to specified fertilization system for over 30 years. We have chosen those experiment variants in which quantities of nitrogen fertilizers were gradually increased. The soil samples taken from 0 cm to 30 cm depth were used to determine biological indexes of nitrogen availability (aerobic and anaerobic incubation). The same samples were also used for pot experiments with oat. Plant and soil parameters obtained in controlled conditions were used for determination of biological indexes reliability in measuring the soil nitrogen availability. On the grounds of correlation analysis, it can be concluded that biological index of nitrogen availability achieved by the anaerobic incubation (without substraction of the initial content of available nitrogen) of the investigated brown forest soil is the reliable indicator of soil nitrogen availability. That is not the case with the aerobic incubation in which reliability has not been established.Istraživanja su obavljena na gajnjači (Mladenovac) koja se koristi u okviru dugogodišnjeg stacionarnog ogleda, sa određenim plodoredom i sistemom đubrenja već više od trideset godina. Za ova istraživanja odabirane su varijante ogleda gde je primenjena rastuća doza azota đubrenja. Za utvrđivanje bioloških indeksa pristupačnosti azota primenjene su aerobna i anaerobna metoda sa dva različita načina obračuna rezultata (sa oduzimanjem i bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog azota). Radi određivanja parametara biljaka i zemljišta koji su vrednovali pouzdanost korišćenih metoda za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta izveden je ogled u kontrolisanim uslovima uz primenu izotopski obeleženog azota (15N). Na osnovu urađene korelacione analize odnosno utvrđene korelativne zavisnosti između bioloških indeksa i parametara biljaka i zemljišta može se zaključiti da se biološki indeks koji je utvrđen anaerobnim postupkom bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog NH4 može smatrati pouzdanim za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta. Pouzdanost nije utvrđena za aerobnu metodu (sa oduzimanjem i bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog azota) kao i za anaerobni postupak sa oduzimanjem početnog sadržaja pristupačnog NH4-N

Sadržaj fluora u zemljištima severnog Pomoravlja

Soil sampling was carried out in the Velika Morava river valley, covering the area from Velika Plana to the mouth of Morava to the Danube. The composite soil samples, representing alluvial soils (22 samples), cambisols (14) and smonitzas (4), were taken from plough layers, based on a regular square grid with intervals set at 5x5 km, covering total area of 100,000 ha. The total and available fluorine contents were determined in the soils samples. The highest average amount of total fluorine was found for alluvial soils (391 mg kg-1), then for smonitzas (348 mg kg-1) and the lowest one for cambisols (285 mg kg-1). These amounts are within normal fluorine content for soils (150-400 mg kg-1), although the maximum found levels were even about 500 mg kg-1. The available fluorine content was very low ( lt 1 mg kg-1), being mostly less than 0.2 % from its total amount, so it could be concluded that there was no danger from fluorine accumulation in the plants. Statistically significant correlation coefficient between total and available fluorine contents was not obtained. The total and available fluorine contents have mostly been in the correlation (with positive sign) with soil pH and the content of mechanical fraction silt+clay. Significant correlation coefficients between total fluorine content and the content of some heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, As) were also found, which indicated their mutual geochemical origin.U dolini reke Velike Morave, u delu od Velike Plane do njenog ušća u Dunav uzeti su reprezentativni uzorci zemljišta iz orničnog sloja, po mreži kvadrata veličine 5x5 km. U njima su odredjeni ukupni i pristupačni sadržaji fluora. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena aluvijalna zemljišta (22 uzorka) gajnjače (14) i smonice (4), što odgovara površini od 100. 000 ha. Za ukupni fluor najviše srednje vrednosti su nadjene u aluvijumima (391 ppm), zatim u smonicama (348 ppm) i najmanje u gajnjačama (285 ppm). Ove vrednosti se nalaze u granicama normalnih sadržaja za zemljišta (150-400 ppm), mada se maksimalne vrednosti kreću i oko 500 ppm. Pristupačni sadržaj fluora je u ispitivanim zemljištima jako nizak ( lt 1 ppm), što najčešće čini ispod 0,2 % od ukupnog fluora, pa se može zaključiti da ne postoji opasnost od akumulacije fluora u biljkama koje se gaje na ispitivanom području. Nije nadjena korelativna veza ukupnog sa pristupačnim fluorom. Sadržaji ukupnog i pristupačnog fluora su najčešće bili u korelaciji (pozitivnoj) sa pH vrednošću zemljišta, i sadržajem frakcije prah+glina. Nadjene su i korelativne veze ukupnog fluora sa sadržajima nekih teških metala (Cr, Ni Co, Cu, As), što ukazije na njihovo zajedničko geohemijsko poreklo

Paranasal sinus osteoma: is there any association with anatomical variations?

Background: Developmental disturbances of the paranasal sinuses are proposed as the cause of osteoma. We examined whether such disturbances may result in the frequent presence of anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses in patients with osteoma. Methodology/Principal: The study was performed retrospectively on 2,820 patients subjected to CT examination during 2005 - 2011. Demographic and CT characteristics of osteoma, and associated pathological findings were evaluated for 104 patients with diagnosed osteoma. The presence of anatomical variations was assessed for 51 osteoma patients with a complete medical history, and for 1,233 patients from a control group. Results: The prevalence of osteomas was found to be 3.69%, with male to female ratio 1.08:1. The frontal sinus was most commonly affected, The presence of anatomical variations was more frequent in patients with osteoma than in controls, with significant differences confirmed for the sphenomaxillary plate, infraorbital cell, and crista galli pneumatization. Conclusions: The paranasal sinus osteoma is associated with higher prevalence of anatomical variations, This can be explained either by the stronger influence of genetic and/or environmental factors on the development of the paranasal sinuses in patients with osteoma, or by their higher susceptibility to abovementioned factors

A Model for Traffic Accidents Prediction Based on Driver Personality Traits Assessment

The model proposed in this paper uses four psychological instruments for assessing driver behaviour and personality traits aiming to find a relationship between the considered constructs and the occurrence of traffic accidents. A Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) was used for the assessment of impulsivity, Aggressive Driving Behaviour Questionnaire (ADBQ) for assessing the aggressiveness while driving, Manchester Driver Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) and the Questionnaire for self-assessment of driving ability. Besides these instruments, the participants filled out an extensive demographic survey. Within the statistical analysis, in addition to the descriptive indicators, correlation coefficients were calculated and four hierarchical regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive power of personality traits on the occurrence of traffic accidents. Further, to confirm the results and to obtain additional information about the relationship between the considered variables, the structural equation modelling and binary logistic regression have been implemented. A sample of this research covered 305 drivers, of which there were 100 bus drivers and 102 truck drivers, as well as 103 drivers of privately owned vehicles. The results indicate that BIS-11 and ADBQ questionnaires show the best predictive power which means that impulsivity and aggressiveness as personality traits have the greatest influence on the occurrence of traffic accidents. This research could be useful in many fields, such as the design of selection procedures for professional drivers, development of programs for the prevention of traffic accidents and violations of law, rehabilitation of drivers who have been deprived of the driving license, etc.</p

Snabdevenost važnijih tipova zemljišta Srbije osnovnim alkalnim elementima Ca, Mg, K i Na

In this paper results are presented of agrochemical and mineralogical analyses of 14 types of important soils in Serbia (Vojvodina and Central Serbia) and total content and availability of base alkali elements (Ca, Mg Na, K) are determined. Total element content was as follows: Ca 2.22%; K 1.77%; Na 0.85% and Mg 0.61%. Total content of alkali metals in the soils investigated and their variations within and between the soil types, is in very good/close correlation with contents of primary and secondary minerals as well as their rates of weathering. Taking in account the average availabilities the most abundant is calcium with 947 mg/100 g, whilst the averages of the other elements (Mg, K and Na) are quite similar and are about of 40 mg/100 g of soil. The results obtained have shown that the soils investigated are well to moderate provided with K, Ca and Mg and that their deficit could not be expected in plant nutrition, apart for some plants/cultures in the case of magnesium due to occasionally higher Ca/Mg and K/Mg ratios.U ovom radu je ispitivano 100 reprezentativnih uzoraka 14 tipova zemljišta Srbije (Vojvodina, Šumadija i Severno Pomoravlje) u pogledu ukupnog i pristupačnog sadržaja osnovnih alkalnih metala (Ca, Mg, K i Na). Takođe je prikazan i prosečan mineraloški sastav ispitivanih zemljišta. Nađeni su sledeći srednji ukupni sadržaji ispitivanih elemenata: Ca - 2,25%; K - 1,77% Na - 0,85% i Mg - 0,61%. Ukupni sadržaji ispitivanih alkalnih metala u našim zemljištima i njihova vapipanja između i unutar zemljišnih tipova u uskoj su vezi sa zastupljenošću određenih primarnih i sekundarnih minerala i njihovom otpornošću na raspadanje. Prema srednjim vrednostima za pristupačne sadržaje najviše ima kalcijuma (947 mg/100 g), a srednji sadržaji za ostale baze (Mg K i Na) su vrlo slični i kreću ce oko 40 mg/100 g. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su ispitivana zemljišta dobro i srednje obezbeđena K, Ca i Mg i da se ne mogu očekivati njihovi deficiti za ishranu biljaka, osim za neke kulture u slučaju magnezijuma, zbog ponekad suviše povišenih odnosa Ca/Mg i K/Mg

Mineralni sastav različitih genotipova bosiljka (Ocimum spp.)

This experiment investigated mineral composition of 13 basil genotypes (Ocimum spp.) in order to find varieties supporting human dietary intake of essential minerals and to evaluate basil genotypes which could serve for herbal production as raw material in pharmaceutical or food processing industry. In addition, this study tested a potential risk of the accumulation of heavy metals during the commercial production of basil on agricultural soil. Mineral composition of basil genotypes was found to be in association with its genetic potential, where some of them can be used in human nutrition as an additional source of several minerals, particularly micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), which generally improve human immune system. Iron-rich basil genotypes were identified in this experiment, like Compact (3576.0 mg/kg), with Lattuga (1585.6 mg/kg) and Blue spice (1167.9 mg/kg) genotypes, containing more than 1000 mg/kg of Fe in herbal part on dry basil (d.m.). This attract a special attention as a source of iron, especially for humans with low Fe intake, and consequently, for people with low level of hemoglobin. Basil grown on agricultural soil was tested on the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb), which were not found to be excessive in herbal parts of the plants. Cluster analysis (CA) distinguished Ocmium spp. genotypes in two separate groups. Despite of significant differences among the genotypes, content of Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb made a clear distinction between the clusters.U radu je ispitan mineralni sastav 13 različitih genotipova bosiljka (Ocimum spp. L.), sa ciljem da se odrede tipovi koji bi mogli da posluže kao dopunski izvori esencijalnih elementa u ljudskoj ishrani, kao i da se odrede genotipovi koji bi poslužili za proizvodnju herbe kao sirovine za farmaceutsku ili prehrambenu industriju. Takođe, u ovom istraživanju je testiran i potencijalni rizik vezan za zagađenje bosiljka teškim metalima pri njegovom komercijalnom gajenju na poljoprivrednom zemljištu. Mineralni sastav ispitivanih genotipova uglavnom je uslovljen njegovim genetskim karakteristikama, ukazujući da u ishrani čoveka ova lekovita biljna vrsta može poslužiti kao značajan izvor nekih od esencijalnih elemenata, naročito mikroelemenata (Fe, Mn i Zn), koji generalno doprinose jačanju ljudskog imuno sistema. Posebno je važno što su u ovom istraživanju identifikovani neki genotipovi bogati gvožđem, kao što je to Compact, kao genotip sa ekstremno visokim nivom Fe u herbi (3576,0 mg/kg), a koji bi zajedno sa genotipovima Lattuga (1585,6 mg/kg) i Blue Spice (1167,9 mg/kg) koji sadrže više od 1000 mg/kg Fe u suvoj materiji herbe, trebali da privuku posebnu pažnju kao izvori ovog elementa u ishrani ljudi kod kojih je evidentiran njegov nedostatak, načešće ispoljen sa pojavom anemije, odnosno, slabom sintezom hemoglobina. Gajenje bosiljka na poljoprivrednom zemljištu nije uslovilo povećanu akumulaciju teških metala (Cu, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr i Pb) u herbi, pa se može reći da su ovi proizvodi sa aspekta zagađenosti teškim metalima potpuno bezbedni. Klaster analiza je podelila ispitivane genotipove bosiljka (Ocmium spp.) u dve grupe. Uprkos različitosti između genotipova, sadržaj Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni i Pb uticao je na jasnu podelu između klastera

Hazardous elements speciation in sandy, alkaline coal mine overburden by using different sequential extraction procedures

This paper deals with the problem of hazardous elements (HE) speciation in sandy, alkaline coal mine overburden destined for restoration. Two sequential extraction procedures [five stages Tesier's (T) and seven stages Zeien and Brummner's method (ZB)] were employed that focused on potentially bioavailable HE fractions previously found in plants growing during this soil restoration process. The results showed that the selection of the extraction procedure in HE speciation is essential, due to the different potential threats of HE fractions obtained for plants. The biggest residual fraction obtained by both extractions suggest geogenic origin of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb. Tesier's extraction procedure works reasonably well for low concentration of water soluble and exchangeable HEs, whilst giving higher values for their organically bound forms. Zeien and Brummner's method, however, was found to be more appropriate for evaluation of the mobility of HE as Mn and Fe oxide fractions. The principal component analysis test estimated three main groups where the relationship between soil properties (pH, clay and silt), total content of element and available fractions (Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb-T and Ni-ZB) was defined as a PC 1 group. Other PC 2 and PC 3 from the PCA analysis include C-org and CEC, and available Cu-T and Cr, Pb-ZB, respectively. The PC 3 factor linked fine sand and available Zn-ZB. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed a high correlation between available HE and high pH(KCl) obtained by T-extraction, and Ni by Zn-extraction. Also, clay, silt and fine sand were highly correlated with the Ni-ZB available forms

Sadržaj teških metala u korenu i galenskim proizvodima gencijane (Gentiana lutea L.)

An experimental field for the cultivated production of Gentiana lutea L. was established five years ago at the Suvobor Mountain, Serbia. Soil analysis of this area revealed the occurrence of high pseudo-total (Ni - 1270 mg/kg, Cr - 423 mg/kg, Co - 385 mg/kg) and available (especially Ni - 133 mg/kg) heavy metals contents in the soil. Hence, the aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of Gentiana lutea L. - roots and galenic forms (liquid extract in 70 % ethanol, spissum and siccum) produced from the roots, because, for most plants, heavy metals accumulate in the root tissue. The amounts of Ni and Cr found in the analyzed roots were very high (54 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg, respectively). The efficiency of ethanol in extracting heavy metals from the roots varied depending on the particular element. The highest efficiency was obtained for Ni (41.3 %), then for Cd (39.5 %), Pb (37.0%) and Co (30.4 %). According to this, a potential hazard exists for humans, if gentian's galenic forms are produced from the raw material with high heavy metals contents. It is concluded that quality control of the raw material must be carried out before further utilization of gentian.Eksperimentalna stanica za proizvodnju gencijane (Gentiana lutea L.) zasnovana je na planini Suvobor (Srbija) pre pet godina. Analizom zemljišta sa te lokacije utvrđeni su povišeni pseudo-ukupni (Ni - 1270 mg/kg, Cr - 423 mg/kg, Co - 385 mg/kg) i pristupačni (posebno za Ni - 133 mg/kg) sadržaji teških metala. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio evaluacija kvaliteta korena gencijane i galenskih proizvoda (tečni ekstrakt u 70 % etanolu, spissum i siccum) dobijenih iz korena, jer se kod većine biljaka teški metali akumuliraju u tkivu korena. U analiziranom korenu utvrđeni su vrlo visoki sadržaji Ni (54 mg/kg) i Cr (14 mg/kg). Efikasnost etanola u ekstrakciji teških metala iz korena varirala je u zavisnosti od elementa. Najveća efikasnost uvrđena je za Ni (41,3 %), zatim za Cd (39,5 %), Pb (37,0 %) i Co (30,4 %). Prema tome, postoji potencijalna opasnost za čoveka pri upotrebi galenskih proizvoda dobijenih iz sirovine sa visokim sadržajem teških metala. Zaključeno je da kontrola kvaliteta sirovinskog materijala mora da se sprovodi pre dalje upotrebe gencijane