Temporal changes in innate immune signals in a rat model of alcohol withdrawal in emotional and cardiorespiratory homeostatic nuclei.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol use changes the brain\u27s inflammatory state. However, there is little work examining the progression of the cytokine response during alcohol withdrawal, a period of profound autonomic and emotional upset. This study examines the inflammatory response in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC), brain regions neuroanatomically associated with affective and cardiorespiratory regulation in an in vivo rat model of withdrawal following a single chronic exposure. METHODS: For qRT-PCR studies, we measured the expression of TNF-α, NOS-2, Ccl2 (MCP-1), MHC II invariant chain CD74, and the TNF receptor Tnfrsf1a in CeA and DVC samples from adult male rats exposed to a liquid alcohol diet for thirty-five days and in similarly treated animals at four hours and forty-eight hours following alcohol withdrawal. ANOVA was used to identify statistically significant treatment effects. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy were performed in a second set of animals during chronic alcohol exposure and subsequent 48-hour withdrawal. RESULTS: Following a chronic alcohol exposure, withdrawal resulted in a statistically significant increase in the expression of mRNAs specific for innate immune markers Ccl2, TNF-α, NOS-2, Tnfrsf1a, and CD74. This response was present in both the CeA and DVC and most prominent at 48 hours. Confocal IHC of samples taken 48 hours into withdrawal demonstrate the presence of TNF-α staining surrounding cells expressing the neural marker NeuN and endothelial cells colabeled with ICAM-1 (CD54) and RECA-1, markers associated with an inflammatory response. Again, findings were consistent in both brain regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the rapid induction of Ccl2, TNF-α, NOS-2, Tnfrsf1a and CD74 expression during alcohol withdrawal in both the CeA and DVC. IHC dual labeling showed an increase in TNF-α surrounding neurons and ICAM-1 on vascular endothelial cells 48 hours into withdrawal, confirming the inflammatory response at the protein level. These findings suggest that an abrupt cessation of alcohol intake leads to an acute central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response in these regions that regulate autonomic and emotional state

Inputs drive cell phenotype variability

What is the significance of the extensive variability observed in individual members of a single-cell phenotype? This question is particularly relevant to the highly differentiated organization of the brain. In this study, for the first time, we analyze the in vivo variability within a neuronal phenotype in terms of input type. We developed a large-scale gene-expression data set from several hundred single brainstem neurons selected on the basis of their specific synaptic input types. The results show a surprising organizational structure in which neuronal variability aligned with input type along a continuum of sub-phenotypes and corresponding gene regulatory modules. Correlations between these regulatory modules and specific cellular states were stratified by synaptic input type. Moreover, we found that the phenotype gradient and correlated regulatory modules were maintained across subjects. As these specific cellular states are a function of the inputs received, the stability of these states represents attractor -like states along a dynamic landscape that is influenced and shaped by inputs, enabling distinct state-dependent functional responses. We interpret the phenotype gradient as arising from analog tuning of underlying regulatory networks driven by distinct inputs to individual cells. Our results change the way we understand how a phenotypic population supports robust biological function by integrating the environmental experience of individual cells. Our results provide an explanation of the functional significance of the pervasive variability observed within a cell type and are broadly applicable to understanding the relationship between cellular input history and cell phenotype within all tissues

Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ 25-35 peptide on adult mal rat during time : amyloid toxicity and implication in dysregulation of Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative caractérisée par la présence d'enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires et de plaques séniles. Le composant majoritaire des plaques séniles est le peptide amyloïde Aβ.Dans une première partie de cette thèse, l'objectif a été de caractériser la toxicité du peptide Aβ25-35 après son injection au niveau des ventricules latéraux chez le rat au cours du temps. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer, entre autre, qu'une seule injection, engendre des déficits mnésiques à court et à long terme qui persistent six semaines après l'injection. Nous avons également montré, entre autre, une astrogliose, une microgliose, une élévation du stress oxydant, ainsi que des phénomènes apoptotiques dans les différentes structures cérébrales étudiées. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser le rôle du peptide Aβ25-35 dans la régulation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HPA) au cours du temps. Dans un premier temps nous avons démontré une hyperactivité de l'axe, qui se caractérise par une modification de l'expression des hormones et une modification d'expression et de localisation des récepteurs aux glucocorticoïdes (GC). Nous avons montré que l'injection d'Aβ25-35 induisait un comportement anxieux. Néanmoins la fonctionnalité du rétrocontrôle négatif des GC reste intacte. Alors que l'injection de l'Aβ25-35 modifie la réponse de l'axe HPA à un stress. Nos résultats, dans un modèle pathomimétique, de la MA, montrent que la toxicité amyloïde modifie la fonctionnalité et la réactivité de l'axe HPA, ce qui pourrait participer à la pathophysiologie de la MA.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and seniles plaques. The major component of senile plaques is the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). In a first part of this thesis, we characterized the time course toxicity effect of the Aβ25-35 intracerebroventricular (icv) injection in the rat brain. We particulary demonstrated, that only one injection induced memories impairments at short and long term which persisted six weeks after the icv injection. We also shown, a sustain astrogliosis and microgliosis, oxidative stress, apoptotics processes in the differents brain structure of interest.In a second part of this thesis, we characterized the time course impact of Aβ25-35 on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis during the time. First, we demonstrated an the hyperactivity of the axis, which is characterized by modifications of hormonal concentration associated with modification of the expression and localization of glucocorticoids (GC) receptors. We also demonstrated Aβ25-35 an anxious behavioural in animals. Nevertheless, the functionality of negative feedback is not modified. However, Aβ25-35 injection modify the HPA axis reactivity after acute stress. In conclusions, we shown, in a pathomimetic model of AD that the Aβ25-35 toxicity modifes the reactivity and the functionality of HPA axis, that could be partly involved in the pathophysiology of AD

Effet de l'injection intracérébroventriculaire du peptide Ab 25-35 chez le rat mâle adulte au cours du temps (toxicité amyloïde et implication dans la dérégulation de l axe Hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien)

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative caractérisée par la présence d'enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires et de plaques séniles. Le composant majoritaire des plaques séniles est le peptide amyloïde Ab.Dans une première partie de cette thèse, l'objectif a été de caractériser la toxicité du peptide Ab25-35 après son injection au niveau des ventricules latéraux chez le rat au cours du temps. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer, entre autre, qu'une seule injection, engendre des déficits mnésiques à court et à long terme qui persistent six semaines après l'injection. Nous avons également montré, entre autre, une astrogliose, une microgliose, une élévation du stress oxydant, ainsi que des phénomènes apoptotiques dans les différentes structures cérébrales étudiées. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser le rôle du peptide Ab25-35 dans la régulation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HPA) au cours du temps. Dans un premier temps nous avons démontré une hyperactivité de l'axe, qui se caractérise par une modification de l'expression des hormones et une modification d'expression et de localisation des récepteurs aux glucocorticoïdes (GC). Nous avons montré que l'injection d'Ab25-35 induisait un comportement anxieux. Néanmoins la fonctionnalité du rétrocontrôle négatif des GC reste intacte. Alors que l'injection de l'Ab25-35 modifie la réponse de l'axe HPA à un stress. Nos résultats, dans un modèle pathomimétique, de la MA, montrent que la toxicité amyloïde modifie la fonctionnalité et la réactivité de l'axe HPA, ce qui pourrait participer à la pathophysiologie de la MA.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and seniles plaques. The major component of senile plaques is the amyloid-b peptide (Ab). In a first part of this thesis, we characterized the time course toxicity effect of the Ab25-35 intracerebroventricular (icv) injection in the rat brain. We particulary demonstrated, that only one injection induced memories impairments at short and long term which persisted six weeks after the icv injection. We also shown, a sustain astrogliosis and microgliosis, oxidative stress, apoptotics processes in the differents brain structure of interest.In a second part of this thesis, we characterized the time course impact of Ab25-35 on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis during the time. First, we demonstrated an the hyperactivity of the axis, which is characterized by modifications of hormonal concentration associated with modification of the expression and localization of glucocorticoids (GC) receptors. We also demonstrated Ab25-35 an anxious behavioural in animals. Nevertheless, the functionality of negative feedback is not modified. However, Ab25-35 injection modify the HPA axis reactivity after acute stress. In conclusions, we shown, in a pathomimetic model of AD that the Ab25-35 toxicity modifes the reactivity and the functionality of HPA axis, that could be partly involved in the pathophysiology of AD.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Deregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functions in an Alzheimer's disease rat model

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Alzheimer's Disease Related Markers, Cellular Toxicity and Behavioral Deficits Induced Six Weeks after Oligomeric Amyloid-β Peptide Injection in Rats

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Time-Course and Regional Analyses of the Physiopathological Changes Induced after Cerebral Injection of an Amyloid β Fragment in Rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, accompanied by synaptic and neuronal loss. The major component of senile plaques is an amyloid β protein (Aβ) formed by pathological processing of the Aβ precursor protein. We assessed the time-course and regional effects of a single intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated Aβ fragment 25–35 (Aβ25-35) in rats. Using a combined biochemical, behavioral, and morphological approach, we analyzed the peptide effects after 1, 2, and 3 weeks in the hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The scrambled Aβ25-35 peptide was used as negative control. The aggregated forms of Aβ peptides were first characterized using electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Congo Red staining. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 decreased body weight, induced short- and long-term memory impairments, increased endocrine stress, cerebral oxidative and cellular stress, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotective reactions, and modified endogenous amyloid processing, with specific time-course and regional responses. Moreover, Aβ25-35, the presence of which was shown in the different brain structures and over 3 weeks, provoked a rapid glial activation, acetylcholine homeostasis perturbation, and hippocampal morphological alterations. In conclusion, the acute intracerebroventricular Aβ25-35 injection induced substantial central modifications in rats, highly reminiscent of the human physiopathology, that could contribute to physiological and cognitive deficits observed in AD

Two-photon holographic stimulation of ReaChR

Optogenetics provides a unique approach to remotely manipulate brain activity with light. Reaching the degree of spatiotemporal control necessary to dissect the role of individual cells in neuronal networks, some of which reside deep in the brain, requires joint progress in opsin engineering and light sculpting methods. Here we investigate for the first time two-photon stimulation of the red-shifted opsin ReaChR. We use two-photon (2P) holographic illumination to control the activation of individually chosen neurons expressing ReaChR in acute brain slices. We demonstrated reliable action potential generation in ReaChR-expressing neurons and studied holographic 2P-evoked spiking performances depending on illumination power and pulse width using an amplified laser and a standard femtosecond Ti:Sapphire oscillator laser.These findings provide detailed knowledge of ReaChR's behavior under 2P illumination paving the way for achieving in depth remote control of multiple cells with high spatiotemporal resolution deep within scattering tissue

NF-L in cerebrospinal fluid and serum is a biomarker of neuronal damage in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration

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