BLACK CHARTER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Svrha i cilj ovoga rada je sistematizirati, opisati i analizirati oblike, te procijeniti razmjere zastupljenosti „crnog čartera“ u Republici Hrvatskoj i formulirati smjernice za njegovo smanjenje i suzbijanje. Nelegalno iznajmljivanje stranih plovila u našem moru, popularno nazvano „crni čarter“, ima značajan udio u sivoj ekonomiji Republike Hrvatske i državnom proračunu iz godine u godinu nanosi golemu i teško procjenjivu štetu. Prema dostupnim podacima i procjenama radi se o najmanje deset tisuća uglavnom stranih jahti i brodica koje svakog ljeta plove našim Jadranom i to u nelegalnom iznajmljivanju. Te procjene govore da u punoj turističkoj sezoni, tijekom tri ljetna mjeseca efektivnog rentiranja tih plovila, hrvatski državni proračun, samo zbog neplaćanja PDV-a i poreza na dobit izgubi više od 300 milijuna kuna. U radu je korišteno više znanstvenih metoda, među kojima induktivna i deduktivna metoda, statistička metoda i ekspertna metoda. Primijenjene metode, ukazuju na relativno visok udio zastupljenosti „crnog čartera“ u Republici Hrvatskoj i to sve do 2005. godine, kada je donesena nova Uredba o dolasku i boravku stranih jahti i brodica u hrvatskom moru, što je rezultiralo značajnim smanjenjem „crnog čartera“. Glavni problem je u tome što čarter tvrtke ne naplaćuju usluge najma na račun svoje tvrtke osnovane u Hrvatskoj, nego izravno u inozemstvo, na račun offshore tvrtki. Inozemne čarter tvrtke zlorabe instituciju privremenog uvoza i mogućnost povrata PDV-a. Najmom kod čarter tvrtki i tromjesečnim rentiranjem tako uvezenih plovila uz minimalne troškove, korisnici tih povlastica zarađivali su od 50 000 do 80 000 EUR-a. Svakako je potrebno usklađivanje hrvatskog zakonodavstva sa zakonima i standardima EU-a, što nije samo naša obveza u već pokrenutim pristupnim pregovorima, nego i nužnost, kako bi se izbjegla različita tumačenja određenih propisa i različita postupanja carinskih, poreznih i pomorskih tijela u postupanju naspram „crnom čarteru“.The purpose and aim of this paper is to systemize, describe and analyze the forms, as well as to estimate the share of “black charter” in Croatia, and to formulate guidelines for its decrease and control. Illegal charter of foreign crafts in our waters, known as “black charter”, accounts for a considerable share of grey economy in Croatia and causes, year by year, a severe damage to the State Budget that is hardly to assess. According to the available data and estimates there are at least ten thousand mainly foreign yachts and boats in our part of the Adriatic Sea every summer that are illegally chartered, and against some estimates due to effective charter of those crafts in high season during three summer months, the Croatian State Budget looses more than Kn 300 million only from non-payment of VAT and profit tax. A number of methods, including the inductive and deductive ones, statistical and expert methods, have been used in this paper. The methods applied show a comparatively large proportion of “black charter” in Croatia until 2005 when a new Regulation on Arrival and Stay of Foreign Yachts and Boats in Croatian Water was adopted. However, since then it has been considerably decreased. The main problem is that the charter companies do not charge the charter services to the account of their company established in Croatia, but directly to the account abroad, to off-shore companies’ account. Foreign charter companies abuse the regulations on temporary import and VAT rebate. By charter with charter companies and through a three-month charter of crafts imported in this way, under minimum costs, the beneficiaries of those benefits used to earn between Eur 50,000 and 80,000. It is by all means necessary to carry out the approximation of Croatian legislation with EU laws and standards, which is not only required by the accession negotiations opened with the EU, but is also essential in order to avoid different interpretations of certain regulations and different procedures taken by customs, tax and maritime authorities against “black charter”

Culture and Terrorism: Cultural Heritage of Historic Maritime Cities in Counter-Terrorism Strategies

Područje kulture i kulturalnih studija izvan je sustavnog interesa sigurnosnih studija i policyja (provedbene politike) nacionalne sigurnosti generalno i studija terorizma i protuterorističkih policyja partikularno. U radu se razmatra jedan od aspekata odnosa kulture i (protu)terorizma: kultura kao meta ugrožavanja. Povijesni su gradovi upravo područja koja obiluju kulturom i kulturnom baštinom. Kultura i kulturna baština selektirana su meta terorizma. Prema autoritativnoj Global Terrorism Database kulturna baština (religijski objekti/institucije) u razdoblju od 1970. do 2016. bila je meta 4304 teroristička udara diljem svijeta što je cca 2,5 % od ukupnog broja od170.350 terorističkih akata koliko ih se dogodilo u promatranom razdoblju. U radu se s aspekta (protu)terorizma, metodom slučajnog uzorka, analizira i stanje sigurnosti u pomorskim lukama hrvatskih povijesnih gradova te brodova koji u njima borave u odnosu na terorizam te iznose policy preporuke za jačanje protuterorističkih kapaciteta.The field of culture and cultural studies is beyond the systematic interest of security studies and policies (implemented politics) of national security in general, and the study of terrorism and counter-terrorism policies in particular. This paper deals with one aspect of the relationship between culture and (counter) terrorism: culture as a target. Historic cities are precisely the areas that are rich in culture and cultural heritage. Culture and cultural heritage are targets of terrorism. According to the authoritative Global Terrorism Database, cultural heritage (religious objects/institutions) was a target of 4304 terrorist attacks worldwide from 1970 to 2016, which is approximately 2.5% of the total number of 170,350 attacks within the observed period. This paper deals with the aspect of (counter)terrorism, by means of a random sample, analyzing the security of Croatian historical cities’ maritime ports and the ships residing in them in relation to terrorism and providing policy recommendations for the strengthening of counter-terrorism capacities

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Intratumoral Microvessel Density as Prognostic Factors in Endometrial Cancer

The aim of this research was to determine the VEGF A expression in tumor cells and the intratumoral microvessel density and their prognostic significance in the survival of the subjects. 87 subjects were monitored retrospectively for a period of 60 to 132 months. The subjects were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Osijek University Hospital Center, Croatia. We analysed standard clinical, pathohistological and therapeutical prognostic factors, intratumoral microvessel density and expression of VEGF A. Five-year survival was calculated by the life chart method and presented graphically by Kaplan-Meier curves. Reaching conclusions on statistical hypotheses in this paper was done with a reliability level p<0.05. Of the analyzed clinical prognostic factors, those which proved to be statistically significant and independent prognostic factors were age and clinical stage of the disease, and of pathohistologic ones it was the depth of myometrial invasion and VEGF expression. An elevated VEGF expression is associated with deep myometrial invasion, poorly differentiated tumors, histologic type and intratumoral microvessel density to a statistically significant degree. Elevated VEGF expression, age, FIGO stage and depth of myometrial invasion play a significant prognostic role in patients with endometrial cancer. VEGF receptors could be a target for adjuvant therapy in VEGF positive endometrial cancer

Dozimetrijska verifikacija radioterapijskih planova intezitet-modulirajuće radioterapije u bolesnika s rakom prostate

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has become widely used as a standard radiation therapy technique for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The transition from conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) to a more complex IMRT technique triggered the need for more thorough verification of the accuracy in the dose delivery. In this work we present the clinical workflow and the results of patient specific quality assurance (PSQA) procedures for 40 prostate cancer patients who have been treated with step and shot IMRT ever since its implementation in our routine clinical practice. PSQA procedures include dosimetric verification of each treatment plan with dedicated rotational phantom and high-resolution matrix detector system Octavius 4D (PTW Freiburg) that allows three-dimensional comparison of the calculated and delivered radiation dose distribution. Our results proved the compliance with the universal tolerance limits recommended for those procedures (1), assuring the safety of the treatment and providing the possibility for the adoption of more stringent constraints in the future.Radioterapija moduliranog intenziteta (eng. intensity modulated radiotherapy –IMRT) u posljednjem desetljeću je postala uobičajena radioterapijska metoda za terapiju lokaliziranih karcinoma prostate. Prelazak s konformalne radioterapije na napredniju i tehnički složeniju IMRT tehniku, donio je i potrebu za detaljnijom i sveobuhvatnom provjerom točnosti isporuke doze zračenja. U ovom radu predstavljamo provođenje postupaka dozimetrijske verifikacije radioterapijskih planova poznatih pod engleskim nazivom patient specific QA (PSQA) te rezultate za 40 bolesnika s karcinomom prostate koji su primili IMRT terapiju. U tu svrhu koristimo posebni dozimetrijski sustav s rotacijskim fantomom i visoko razlučivom detektorskom matricom, Octavius 4D (PTW Freiburg). Pokazalo se kako su sva dobivena odstupanja između planirane i mjerene trodimenzionalne raspodjele doze bila unutar preporučenih tolerancija (1) što nam daje povjerenje u sigurnost provođenja ovakve terapije te otvara mogućnost za primjenu strožijih ograničenja u budućnosti

CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIAGNOSING, TREATMENT AND MONITORING OF PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN CANCER – CROATIAN ONCOLOGY SOCIETY AND CROATIAN SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS AS CROATIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION UNITS AND CROATIAN SOCIETY OF GYNECOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY

Rak jajnika i jajovoda po učestalosti je peta zloćudna bolest žena u Hrvatskoj. Histološki je rak jajnika najčešće epitelnog podrijetla, i to seroznog podtipa. Rjeđi su različiti neepitelni malignomi jajnika, a posebnu skupinu čine epitelni karcinomi niskoga zloćudnog potencijala karakterizirani neinvazivnošću, klinički indolentnim tijekom i dobrom prognozom te primarni rak potrbušnice i rak jajovoda. Klinički su ovi zloćudni tumori u ranim stadijima razvoja uglavnom asimptomatski, zbog čega se najčešće dijagnosticiraju u kasnijim stadijima bolesti. Dijagnoza se potvrđuje patohistološkim nalazom, a iznimno citološkim nalazom nakon provedene dijagnostičke obrade. O liječenju odlučuje multidisciplinarni tim uzimajući u obzir dob, opće stanje i komorbiditete bolesnice, kao i obilježja samog tumora uključujući stadij bolesti, histološki tip i gradus tumora. Principi liječenja primarnog raka potrbušnice i jajovoda temelje se na principima liječenja epitelnog raka jajnika koji obuhvaćaju primjenu kirurških zahvata, kemoterapije, imunoterapije i hormonske terapije, kao i suportivno-simptomatskih mjera tijekom cijelog liječenja. Razlikuje se terapijski pristup rjeđim, neepitelnim histološkim tipovima tumora koji se češće dijagnosticiraju u ranim stadijima bolesti, imaju indolentniji tijek pa se kod ovih bolesnica češće primjenjuju poštedni kirurški zahvati s ciljem očuvanja plodnosti. U tekstu koji slijedi predstavljene su kliničke upute s ciljem standardizacije postupaka i kriterija postavljanja dijagnoze, liječenja te praćenja bolesnica s rakom jajnika, jajovoda i potrbušnice u Republici Hrvatskoj.Ovarian cancer together with fallopian tube represents the fifth most common female cancer in the Republic of Croatia. Epithelial ovarian cancer, serous subtype, encompasses most of malignant ovarian neoplasms. Less common are various non-epithelial ovarian malignancies. A special group consists of epithelial carcinomas of low malignant potential with clinically indolent flow, good prognosis and no invasion, and primary cancer of the peritoneum and fallopian tube cancer. Clinically, these malignant tumors are generally asymptomatic in early stages, and usually diagnosed in advanced stages. The diagnosis is confirmed by pathological examination, and occasionally, cytological findings after completing diagnostic procedures. Multidisciplinary team makes treatment decisions, taking into account age, general condition and comorbidities of the patient and characteristics of the tumor itself, including disease stage, histological type and grade of the tumor. The principles of treatment of primary peritoneal and fallopian tube cancer are based on the principles of treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer involving surgery, chemotherapy, immune and hormone therapy, and symptomatic-supportive care throughout the treatment. Less common histological types have a different treatment approach being more frequently diagnosed in the early stages of the disease, have more indolent flow, so in these patients conservative surgeries with the goal of preserving fertility are more often employed. The following text presents the clinical guidelines in order to standardize the procedures and criteria for the diagnosis, management, treatment and monitoring of patients with ovarian carcinoma, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer in the Republic of Croatia

CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIAGNOSING, TREATMENT AND MONITORING OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIAL CANCER – CROATIAN ONCOLOGY SOCIETY AND CROATIAN SOCIETY FOR GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS AS CROATIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION UNITS AND CROATIAN SOCIETY OF GYNECOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY

Rak trupa maternice javlja se u većini slučajeva u poslijemenopauzalnih žena, a najčešće se očituje ginekološkim krvarenjem. Nakon raka jajnika i vrata maternice treći je uzrok smrti žena od raka spolnog sustava. Dijagnoza se postavlja patohistološkim pregledom kiretmana ili bioptata, a definitivni stadij bolesti utvrđuje se analizom uzoraka dobivenih histerektomijom i obostranom salpingoovariektomijom sa zdjeličnom i paraaortalnom limfadenektomijom. U tekstu koji slijedi sadržane su kliničke upute s ciljem standardizacije postupaka i kriterija postavljanja dijagnoze, liječenja i praćenja bolesnica s rakom trupa maternice u Republici Hrvatskoj.Uterine cancer occurs mainly in postmenopausal women, usually as vaginal bleeding. Following ovarian and cervical cancer it is the third most common cause of female reproductive system cancer death. Diagnosis is set by analyzing samples obtained via hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic / paraaortal lymphadenectomy. The following text presents the clinical guidelines in order to standardize the procedures and criteria for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients with uterine cancer in the Republic of Croatia

Ružička days : International conference 16th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

Proceedings contains articles presented at Conference divided into sections: open lecture (1), chemical analysis and synthesis (3), chemical and biochemical engineering (8), food technology and biotechnology (8), medical chemistry and pharmacy (3), environmental protection (11) and meeting of young chemists (2)

Vascular endothelial growth factor and intratumoral microvessel density as prognostic factors in endometrial cancer [Vaskularni endotelni čimbenik rasta i gustoća tumorskih kapilara kao prognostički čimbenik u endometrijskom raku]

The aim of this research was to determine the VEGF A expression in tumor cells and the intratumoral microvessel density and their prognostic significance in the survival of the subjects. 87 subjects were monitored retrospectively for a period of 60 to 132 months. The subjects were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Osijek University Hospital Center, Croatia. We analysed standard clinical, pathohistological and therapeutical prognostic factors, intratumoral microvessel density and expression of VEGF A. Five-year survival was calculated by the life chart method and presented graphically by Kaplan-Meier curves. Reaching conclusions on statistical hypotheses in this paper was done with a reliability level p < 0.05. Of the analyzed clinical prognostic factors, those which proved to be statistically significant and independent prognostic factors were age and clinical stage of the disease, and of pathohistologic ones it was the depth of myometrial invasion and VEGF expression. An elevated VEGF expression is associated with deep myometrial invasion, poorly differentiated tumors, histologic type and intratumoral microvessel density to a statistically significant degree. Elevated VEGF expression, age, FIGO stage and depth of myometrial invasion play a significant prognostic role in patients with endometrial cancer. VEGF receptors could be a target for adjuvant therapy in VEGF positive endometrial cancer

BLACK CHARTER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Svrha i cilj ovoga rada je sistematizirati, opisati i analizirati oblike, te procijeniti razmjere zastupljenosti „crnog čartera“ u Republici Hrvatskoj i formulirati smjernice za njegovo smanjenje i suzbijanje. Nelegalno iznajmljivanje stranih plovila u našem moru, popularno nazvano „crni čarter“, ima značajan udio u sivoj ekonomiji Republike Hrvatske i državnom proračunu iz godine u godinu nanosi golemu i teško procjenjivu štetu. Prema dostupnim podacima i procjenama radi se o najmanje deset tisuća uglavnom stranih jahti i brodica koje svakog ljeta plove našim Jadranom i to u nelegalnom iznajmljivanju. Te procjene govore da u punoj turističkoj sezoni, tijekom tri ljetna mjeseca efektivnog rentiranja tih plovila, hrvatski državni proračun, samo zbog neplaćanja PDV-a i poreza na dobit izgubi više od 300 milijuna kuna. U radu je korišteno više znanstvenih metoda, među kojima induktivna i deduktivna metoda, statistička metoda i ekspertna metoda. Primijenjene metode, ukazuju na relativno visok udio zastupljenosti „crnog čartera“ u Republici Hrvatskoj i to sve do 2005. godine, kada je donesena nova Uredba o dolasku i boravku stranih jahti i brodica u hrvatskom moru, što je rezultiralo značajnim smanjenjem „crnog čartera“. Glavni problem je u tome što čarter tvrtke ne naplaćuju usluge najma na račun svoje tvrtke osnovane u Hrvatskoj, nego izravno u inozemstvo, na račun offshore tvrtki. Inozemne čarter tvrtke zlorabe instituciju privremenog uvoza i mogućnost povrata PDV-a. Najmom kod čarter tvrtki i tromjesečnim rentiranjem tako uvezenih plovila uz minimalne troškove, korisnici tih povlastica zarađivali su od 50 000 do 80 000 EUR-a. Svakako je potrebno usklađivanje hrvatskog zakonodavstva sa zakonima i standardima EU-a, što nije samo naša obveza u već pokrenutim pristupnim pregovorima, nego i nužnost, kako bi se izbjegla različita tumačenja određenih propisa i različita postupanja carinskih, poreznih i pomorskih tijela u postupanju naspram „crnom čarteru“.The purpose and aim of this paper is to systemize, describe and analyze the forms, as well as to estimate the share of “black charter” in Croatia, and to formulate guidelines for its decrease and control. Illegal charter of foreign crafts in our waters, known as “black charter”, accounts for a considerable share of grey economy in Croatia and causes, year by year, a severe damage to the State Budget that is hardly to assess. According to the available data and estimates there are at least ten thousand mainly foreign yachts and boats in our part of the Adriatic Sea every summer that are illegally chartered, and against some estimates due to effective charter of those crafts in high season during three summer months, the Croatian State Budget looses more than Kn 300 million only from non-payment of VAT and profit tax. A number of methods, including the inductive and deductive ones, statistical and expert methods, have been used in this paper. The methods applied show a comparatively large proportion of “black charter” in Croatia until 2005 when a new Regulation on Arrival and Stay of Foreign Yachts and Boats in Croatian Water was adopted. However, since then it has been considerably decreased. The main problem is that the charter companies do not charge the charter services to the account of their company established in Croatia, but directly to the account abroad, to off-shore companies’ account. Foreign charter companies abuse the regulations on temporary import and VAT rebate. By charter with charter companies and through a three-month charter of crafts imported in this way, under minimum costs, the beneficiaries of those benefits used to earn between Eur 50,000 and 80,000. It is by all means necessary to carry out the approximation of Croatian legislation with EU laws and standards, which is not only required by the accession negotiations opened with the EU, but is also essential in order to avoid different interpretations of certain regulations and different procedures taken by customs, tax and maritime authorities against “black charter”