At War with the Machine: Canadian Workers’ Resistance to Taylorism in the Early 20th Century

This essay looks at the ways Frederick Winslow Taylor\u27s distinctly modern theories of scientific management (i.e. Taylorism) transformed Canadian workplaces in the early 20thcentury. In particular, it shows how Taylorism negatively impacted Canadian workers\u27 lives, and examines the various ways that workers consequently resisted Taylorist methods. The essay argues that though workers were unable to stop the widespread implementation of Taylorism and its normalization in Canadian workplaces, their resistance to Taylorism still played an important role in unionist and radical political movements which gradually gained important concessions and rights for Canadian workers during the first half of the 20thcentury. Additionally, the essay argues that resistance was significant as an outlet for workers to retain bodily autonomy in work environments which increasingly aimed to make workers more machine-like. Ultimately, the essay highlights important ways that the Canadian working class has exercised historical agency via solidarity and perseverance

Chasser en échange d’un salaire : Les engagés amérindiens dans la traite des fourrures du Saint-Maurice, 1798-1831

Au début du XIXe siècle, la Haute-Mauricie est investie par trois grandes compagnies intéressées dans le commerce des fourrures : la North West Company, la King’s Posts Company et la Hudson’s Bay Company. Si la présence de ces compagnies dans le bassin de la rivière Saint-Maurice a fait l’objet de recherches approfondies, les activités des petits commerçants et la main-d’oeuvre qu’ils employèrent sont demeurées jusqu’à présent méconnues. Pourtant, comme l’attestent les engagements contractés devant les notaires trifluviens, des marchands indépendants, profitant d’une période de flottement, ont été particulièrement actifs sur ce territoire entre 1815 et 1822. Comparativement aux compagnies avec lesquelles ils peinaient à rivaliser, ces derniers employèrent des engagés amérindiens dans des proportions beaucoup plus fortes, majoritairement des Abénaquis de Saint-François-du-Lac et de Bécancour. À travers l’étude des modalités d’embauche des engagés amérindiens, cet article vise à illustrer leur rôle particulier dans la traite du Saint-Maurice, notamment à titre de chasseurs salariés, et, par le fait même, jette un nouvel éclairage sur les stratégies des marchands indépendants.At the beginning of the 19th century, the upper St. Maurice River Valley was controlled by three large fur trading companies : the North West Company, the King’s Posts Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company. If significant research has been undertaken into the presence of these companies in the St. Maurice watershed, little is known about the activities of small merchants and the workers they employed. However, as evidenced in the contracts signed before the notaries of Trois Rivières, independent merchants, taking advantage of a period of uncertainty, were particularly active in the region between 1815 and 1822. Compared to the companies with which they were struggling to compete, these merchants hired native peoples in much higher proportions, mainly Abenakis from St. François du Lac and from Bécancour. By studying the terms under which native workers were hired, this article seeks to illustrate their distinct role in the regional fur trade, notably as salaried hunters, thereby shedding new light on the strategies employed by independent merchants

KELP MEAL (Ascophyllum nodosum) SUPPLEMENTATION TO ORGANIC LACTATING DAIRY COWS: EFFECTS ON MILK PRODUCTION, MILK COMPOSITION, ANIMAL HEALTH AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION DURING THE NON-GRAZING AND GRAZING SEASONS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE

This thesis examines the feeding of kelp meal (KM), most commonly produced from the species Ascophyllum nodosum to lactating dairy cattle. In the first experiment KM was fed at incremental levels to lactating jersey cattle over the winter season in Lee, New Hampshire. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of incremental amounts (0, 57, 113, and 170 g/d) of KM on animal performance and milk iodine concentration in dairy cows fed high-forage diets. While animal performance was not improved, milk iodine output increased linearly in cows fed KM. Trends and quadratic effects were observed for nutrient digestibility, and plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids reduced linearly with KM supplementation. In the second experiment treatments of 0 g and 113 g KM were fed to lactating Jersey cattle over the grazing season in Lee, New Hampshire. The objective of this second experiment was to determine how feeding 113 g of KM impacts animal performance and milk iodine concentration lactating dairy cattle during the grazing season in the Northeast. The results of this study found animal performance was not improved with KM supplementation. An increase in milk iodine levels were observed in cows fed KM. Somatic cell count was observed to be lower with KM feeding but was not statistically analyzed

Effects of Human Activity on the Distribution of Desert Bighorn Sheep Along the Border in Southwestern Arizona and Northern Sonora

Changes in species distribution in areas with human activity may be the result of either spatial-temporal avoidance of those areas, or as the result of a decrease in survival and recruitment within those areas. My research examined the effects of human activity on the distribution of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) along the border in southwestern Arizona, USA and northern Sonora, Mexico. I surveyed 33 transects (256 sites) on foot from February 2017 to January 2018, with 8 of 33 transects re-surveyed during this period. Human use at each site was indexed by trash category (0 pieces of trash, 1-10 pieces of trash, >10 pieces of trash). Bighorn sheep fecal pellets were used as detections of bighorn sheep. This study used a novel approach to survey replication. Old, white fecal pellets and newer, brown fecal pellets were used as the first and second temporal replicates of a survey, respectively. I used a hierarchical occupancy model to estimate probability of detection and occupancy, with human activity and environmental covariates as explanatory variables. Human activity as indexed by trash had a non-statistically significant but potentially biologically significant negative effect on occupancy. Elevational site position on mountain was positively related to occupancy in Mexico, but not in the USA. Height of the mountain above adjacent valley bottom was positively related to occupancy in the USA, but not in Mexico. These results suggest that bighorn sheep use habitat differently in the USA than in Mexico, likely due to the differences in human activity within each country. Small mountains should be recognized as habitat for desert bighorn sheep, even though in some areas, those features may be infrequently selected by sheep. Conservation efforts should recognize that 'atypical' bighorn sheep habitat may hold value for restoring or maintaining bighorn sheep populations