Superovulacijski odgovor prvog dana liječenja i njegova povezanost s veličinom i položajem jajnika kod visokoproizvodnih mliječnih krava.

The aim of this research was to determine the relation between the size of ovaries, their topographic position, ovarian structures (follicles (F) and corpora lutea (CL)) before superovulatory treatment and the superovulatory response and embryo yield. Holsteinized dairy cows (32) were treated for superovulation with Pluset® (Laboratorios Calier, S.A., Barselona, Spain). On Day 1 of the superovulatory treatment and during the procedure to recover the embryos, we examined the ovaries of donors with an ultrasound scanner. The ovaries were divided into 3 groups according to their size. Group 1 ovaries (1112.0 mm2) were 25 % larger than Group 2 ovaries, the area of which varied from 668.0 to 1112.0 mm2 (mean, 890.0 mm2 ± 25 %). After superovulation, the mean area of the right side ovaries (RSO) (3147.61 ± 106.6 mm2) was by 27.3 % (P0.05) compared with the LSO. The most intense response to the superovulatory treatment by ovary size was observed in Group 1 ovaries: the RSO increased by 5.5 times and the LSO by 4.8 times, but according to the absolute measure, the greatest increase was observed in Group 3, where ovaries on both sides increased 2.4 times. According to the number of CL, Group 1 RSO donors showed a 2.3 times (P1112,0 mm2) više od 25 % veći od jajnika skupine 2. Nakon postupka superovulacije, srednja veličina (3147,61 ± 106,6 mm2) desnih jajnika (DJ) bila je 27,3 % (P0,05) u usporedbi sa LJ. Najintenzivniji superovulacijski odgovor s obzirom na veličinu jajnika opažen je u skupini 1: kod DJ povećanje je bilo 5,5, a kod LJ 4,8 puta, ali s obzirom na apsolutne mjere, najveći porast opažen je u skupini 3 u kojoj su jajnici s obje strane povećani 2,4 puta. S obzirom na broj CL, skupina 1 DJ davateljica pokazala je 2,3 puta (P<0,05) slabiji superovulacijski odgovor u usporedbi sa skupinom 3 DJ davateljica. Broj dobivenih embrija (9,8 ± 2,2) bio je 3,6 puta (P<0,05) veći među davateljicama 3 DJ skupine prije superovulacije u usporedbi sa davateljicama skupine 1 DJ (2,7 ± 0.5). Kod krava skupine 3 DJ, broj prenosivih embrija (6,3 ± 0,6) bio je 3,2 puta (P<0,05) veći u usporedbi s kravama davateljicama skupine 1 DJ (2,0 ± 0,3). Žuta tijela u DJ su pokazala signifikantni utjecaj od 85 % (P<0,05) na dobivanje embrija u usporedbi sa samo 30 % (P<0,05) u LJ

The effect of biologically active feed supplements (with enzyme and vitamins) on milk quality and its properties

Vienas iš būdų siekiant sumažinti somatinių ląstelių kiekį piene yra karvių sveikatos būklės gerinimas, jų imuniteto stiprinimas. Viena iš alternatyvų – biologiškai aktyvias medžiagas panaudoti kaip pašarų priedą. Žinoma, kad fermentas lizocimas pasižymi plačiu antimikrobiniu ir imunostimuliaciniu veikimu. Gyvulių organizmui ypač svarbūs ir vitaminai. Darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti pašarų priedų fermento lizocimo bei vitaminų įtaką somatinių ląstelių kiekiui bei technologinėms pieno savybėms. Sudarytos dvi karvių grupės, į kurių racioną įmaišyta fermento lizocimo ir vitaminų A, C, E. Šerta 10 dienų. Tyrimai atlikti šėrimo laikotarpiu – 4, 7 ir 10 dienomis bei praėjus 7 dienoms po šėrimo. Nustatyta, kad šėrimo laikotarpiu ir po jo somatinių ląstelių skaičius piene sumažėjo. Biologiškai aktyvus pašarų papildas su fermentu ir vitaminais turėjo įtakos ir pieno technologinėms savybėms. Tyrimo metu pieno rūgštingumas kito itin lėtai. Fermentinis pieno traukinimas vyko lėčiau, susidariusių struktūrų savybės skyrėsi nuo kontrolinės karvių grupės pieno mėginių. Pieno, gauto iš karvių, kurioms buvo duodami pašarai su biologiškai aktyviu papildu, technologinės savybės buvo geresnės, palyginti su kontrolinės karvių grupės pienu. Ištyrus fermentinės struktūros susidarymo bei sinerezės procesus, nustatyta, kad pašarų papildai su fermentu ir vitaminais įtakos šių procesų pobūdžiui neturėjo, pienas, gautas po šėrimo pašarų papildais su fermentu ir vitaminais, pasižymėjo geromis technologinėmis savybėmis, tinkamomis sūrių gamybaiOne of the ways to reduce the somatic cell count in milk is the cow health status improvement and immunity strengthening. It can be done through the feed. The easiest way would be to use biologically active substances as a feed additive. It is known that the enzyme lysozyme has antimicrobial and immunostimulation activities. Vitamins are especially important for the animals. An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of enzyme lysozyme and vitamins as feed supplements on the milk somatic cell count and technological properties of milk, which are important for production. Twenty cows were randomly divided into 2 equal groups and fed 2 different diets. The diets were based on the normal diet supplemented with lysozyme and vitamins A, C, E and the normal diet without supplementation (control). The experiment lasted for 10 days. The measurements were conducted on 4th, 7th and 10th days as well as after 7 days of the experiment. The results from this study demonstrate that biologically active feed supplements with enzyme and vitamins significantly reduced the milk somatic cell count and affected technological properties of milk during the experiment and one week after. The results also show that feed supplementation with enzyme and vitamins in comparison to the controls markedly reduced changes in milk acidity, speed of milk fermentation and properties of formed structures. However, biologically active feed supplements with enzyme and vitamins have shown more pronounced influence on technological properties of milk compared to the control group. There was no influence of feed supplementation with enzyme and vitamins on the enzyme structure formation and process of syneresisVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Fermentų ir vitaminų priedų pašaruose įtaka pieno kokybei ir jo savybėms

Vienas iš būdų, siekiant sumažinti somatinių ląstelių kiekį piene, yra karvių sveikatos būklės gerinimas, jų imuniteto stiprinimas. Yra žinoma, kad fermentas lizocimas pasižymi plačiu antimikrobiniu ir imunostimuliaciniu veikimu (Bizulevičius et al., 2003), o fermentas lizosubtilinas duodamas veršelių virškinimo trakto (Bizulevičius, Arestov, 1997) ir karvių endometritams (Bizulevičius, Lukauskas, 1998) gydyti. Darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti fermentų (lizocimo ir lizosubtilino) bei vitaminų, pridėtų į karvių pašarus, įtaką somatinių ląstelių kiekiui bei technologinėms pieno savybėms, svarbioms fermentinių sūrių gamyboje. Sudarytos trys karvių grupės, į kurių racioną įmaišyti pašarų papildai Neosomatas 1 (lizosubtilino 0,02 g ir lizocimo 0,2 g) ir Neosomatas 4 (lizocimo 0,2 g ir vitaminų A, C, E). Šerta 10 dienų. Tyrimai atlikti šėrimo laikotarpiu – 4, 7 ir 10 dienomis ir praėjus 7 dienoms po šėrimo. Nustatyta, kad šėrimo laikotarpiu ir po jo somatinių ląstelių skaičius piene sumažėjo. Didžiausią įtaką trečiai karvių grupei darė pašarų papildas Neosomatas 4. Pašarų papildai su fermentais ir vitaminais turėjo įtakos ir pieno technologinėms savybėms. Laikymo metu pieno rūgštingumas kito itin lėtai. Fermentinis pieno traukinimas vyko lėčiau, susidariusių struktūrų savybės skyrėsi nuo kontrolinių. Tačiau pieno, gauto iš karvių, kurioms buvo duodamas pašarų papildas Neosomatas 4, technologinės savybės buvo geresnės palyginti su pienu karvių, kurioms buvo duodamas pašarų papildas Neosomatas 1. Ištyrus fermentinės struktūros susidarymo bei sinerezės procesus nustatyta, kad pašarų papildai su fermentais ir vitaminais įtakos šių procesų pobūdžiui neturėjo; pienas, gautas po šėrimo pašarų papildais su fermentais ir vitaminais, pasižymėjo geromis technologinėmis savybėmis, tinkamomis sūrių gamybaiAn experiment was undertaken to study the effect of enzymes (lysozyme and lysosubtilin) and vitamins as feed supplements on milk somatic cell count and technological properties of milk, which are important for cheese production. Thirty cows were randomly divided into 3 equal groups (Groups 1-3) and fed 3 different diets. The diets were based on normal diet supplemented with Neosomatas 1 (lysozyme - 0.2 g/kg of feed and lysosubtilin - 0,02 g/kg) (Diet 1), normal diet supplemented with Neosomatas 4 (lysozyme - 0,2 g/kg and vitamins A, C, E) (Diet 2) and normal diet without supplementation (Diet 3 – control). The experiment lasted for 10 days. The measurements were conducted at days 4, 7 and 10 and at day 7 after the experiment. The results from this study demonstrate that supplementation with enzymes and vitamins significantly reduced milk somatic cell count and effected technological properties of milk during the experiment and one week after. The most pronounced reduction of mentioned parameters was registered in group supplemented with Neosomatas 4 (Diet 2). The results also show that feed supplementation with enzymes and vitamins in comparison to the controls markedly reduced changes in milk acidity, speed of milk fermentation and properties of formed structures. However, supplementation with Neosomatas 4 (Diet 2) have shown more pronounced influence on technological properties of milk compared to the group supplemented with Neosomatas 1 (Diet 1), respectively. There was no influence of feed supplementation with enzymes and vitamins on enzyme structure formation and process of syneresisVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Determining the quality of milk from cows fed on feed supplements enriched with enzymes and vitamins and its suitability for cheesemaking

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of enzyme preparations, lysozyme and lysosubtilin in particular, and those supplemented with vitamins A, C and E, added to cows’ feed, on the somatic cell count and technological properties of milk which are considered primary important in cheesemaking. Three groups of Lithuanian Black and White cows (10 cows each) were fed on a ration supplemented with Neosomatas 1 preparation containing lysosubtilin, 0.02 g and lysozyme, 0.2 g, and Neosomatas 4 preparation (lysozyme, 0.2 g and vitamins A, C and E). The duration of the trial was 10 days. Measurements were conducted on the 4th, 7th and 10th day of the trial and 7 days following the trial. The reduction of somatic cell count in milk was observed during and after the feeding period. The highest effect of the feed supplement was observed in the third group which was fed on Neosomatas 4. The enzyme- and vitamin-based feed supplements were also effective with regard to the technological properties of milk. Changes in the acidity of milk during storage were rather slow. Likewise, the process of milk fermentation was slow, the properties of structures that were formed differed compared with control group of cows. However, the technological properties of milk from cows fed on Neosomatas 4 supplement were better as compared with cows fed on Neosomatas 1 feed supplement. Studies on the enzyme structure formation and the process of syneresis showed that feed supplements enriched with enzymes and vitamins had no effect on the above indices. It was also found that milk under study was characterised by good technological characteristics and therefore was suitable for cheesemakingVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Feedstuffs conventional and organic

Aut. iš viršBibliogr. sk. galeVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Effect of ultrasound waves on hematological parameters, behavior and conduction system of heart in vitro in BALB/c strain mouse

In this study research was carried out on 5 male adult BALB/c mouse with a weight of 18±5 g. The temperature was at 22±2 °C and animals were kept under the condition of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness (light on at 08:00 am) and free access to water and standard diet. All 5 mice were affected by three different harmonic oscillations one time and after 24 hours 4 of them were affected by the same oscillations (Fig. 1) and one was placed separately for control. At the end of the experiment, after euthanasia using CO2 chamber blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. We noticed that ultrasound waves 20 MHz changed mice red blood cells structure and we found pathological forms of erythrocytes. Analysing morphological structure of erythrocytes were determined 46 abnormal red blood structure forms and atypical cells (30 codocytes, 8 stomatocytes and 8 acantocytes). Moreover, we determined that changed some normal behavior characteristics and increased grooming process

Milk production and ruminal parameters of dairy cows fed diets containing Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6 and Pediococcus pentosaceus BaltBio02

Effects of fermented extruded rye flour supplements with Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6 or Pediococcus pentosaceus BaltBio02 on milk production and composition, as well as ruminal parameters, were determined in Lithuanian Black & White dairy cows. Also, determination of antimicrobial activities of tested lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against a variety of pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial strains previously isolated from diseased cattle was performed. The highest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in L. sakei against S. aureus, and in P. pentosaceus against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The count of LAB in the supplements after 72 h of fermentation of extruded rye flour with L. sakei and P. pentosaceus was 9.6±0.4 log10 CFU/g and 9.5±0.3 log10 CFU/g, respectively. All cows (n=60) were fed the same basal diet. The treatment differences were achieved by individually incorporating (65 d.) one of the supplements: L. sakei KTU05-6 (group B; n=20) or P. pentosaceus BaltBio02 (group C; n=20). The control group A (n=20) was on the basal diet only. A supplement fermented with L. sakei does not have a significant influence on dairy cattle milk production and rumen fluid parameters. The type of LAB used has a significant influence (p < 0.0001) on microbiological parameters of the rumen (TCM, TCL, TCE). The milk yield was increased (p ≤ 0.05) using P. pentosaceus BaltBio02 supplement, and further research is needed to identify w hat is the main mechanism of the positive action

The effectiveness of fibrolytic enzymes and active yeast on improving reticulorumen pH in dairy cows

Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and yeast are feed supplements that improve forage digestion in rumen, but their influences on physical reticulorumen parameters are not well studied. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the EFE:endo-β-xylanase (37x104 U/cow/day), endocellulase (45x104 U/cow/day), endo-β-glucanase (12x104U/cow/day), and active yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM-1077 (10x109CFU/cow/day) supplements on reticulorumen pH (RpH) and temperature (RT) in dairy cows. Nine Lithuanian Red cows were allocated into three groups (3 cows/group): control group (C) – farm diet without supplementation, enzyme group (E) – farm diet supplemented with EFE, enzyme and active yeast group (EY) – farm diet supplemented with EFE and active yeast. The feeding trial lasted for 60 d. All cows were equipped with reticuloruminal telemetric pH and temperature sensor device. Data provided by the device were used to calculate the mean RpH (RpH/24h), the mean minimal RpH (minRpH/24h) and mean of the time that RpH was below the threshold value of 6.0 (RpH<6.0/24h, min.). The highest RpH/24h (6.37±0.22) was observed in group EY and it was by 1.62% (p<0.05) and 1.27% (p<0.001) higher as compared with groups E and C, respectively. Also minRpH/24h (6.24±0.24) was highest in group EY and values were by 0.63% (p<0.001) and 0.65% (p<0.001) higher as compared with groups C and E, respectively. The shortest duration of RpH<6.0/24h, was recorded in group EY, and it was by 57.76% (p<0.05) and 47.87% shorter as compared with groups C and E, respectively. In conclusion, feed supplementation with EFE and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM-1077 had beneficial effect on RpH