Children's snack consumption: role of parents, peers and child snack-purchasing behaviour. Results from the INPACT study

Background: Parents and peers are both likely to influence children's dietary behaviour. However, their actual influence may depend on the age and life stage of the individual child. Therefore, this study examined the influence of parents ( home snack availability and consumption rules) and peers on 11- year- old children's snack consumption, and whether these associations were mediated by children's snack- purchasing behaviour. It was hypothesized that children are more likely to buy unhealthy snacks if these are not always available at home, if restrictive rules apply to their consumption and if a child is sensitive to peer influence. It was also assumed that children who buy snacks out of their pocket money would consume more snacks. Methods: Data were taken from 1203 parent- child dyads who completed a questionnaire in the INPACT study ( IVO Physical Activity Child cohorT). Multivariable regression models were used to ( i) analyze associations between children's consumption and parents' and peers' influence and ( ii) determine whether these associations were mediated by children's snackpurchasing behaviour. Results: Of the parental factors, home availability of snacks was associated with higher snack consumption ( B = 1.03, P <0.05). Parental factors and children's snack- purchasing behaviour were not associated. Children who were sensitive to peer influence consumed more snacks ( B= 3 07, P <0.01) and bought more snacks out of their pocket money ( odds ratio 3.27, P <0.0.01). Children's snack- purchasing behaviour explained part ( 8.6%) of the association between peer influence and children's snack consumption. Conclusion: As these findings indicate that both parents and peers influence children's snack consumption, health promotion may benefit from targeting the broader social environment

A driver IC for photovotaic module-integrated DC/Dc converters

Photovoltaic (PV) installations suffer from a disproportional decrease in output power in case irradiance differences are present in the system. The Delta converter improves the output power in such cases by routing current differences around the shaded substring or module. This paper presents a driver IC for the Delta converter that simultaneously reduces its cost and improves its reliability. The driver IC integrates the complete control loop, power supplies, protections and references. The driver IC demonstrated trouble-free operation for 3 months under real-life conditions in a PV installation with different shading patterns. Depending on the shading pattern the Delta converter energy gain was 8%-18%

How orthodox protestant parents decide on the vaccination of their children: a qualitative study.

Contains fulltext : 108154.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Despite high vaccination coverage, there have recently been epidemics of vaccine preventable diseases in the Netherlands, largely confined to an orthodox protestant minority with religious objections to vaccination. The orthodox protestant minority consists of various denominations with either low, intermediate or high vaccination coverage. All orthodox protestant denominations leave the final decision to vaccinate or not up to their individual members. METHODS: To gain insight into how orthodox protestant parents decide on vaccination, what arguments they use, and the consequences of their decisions, we conducted an in-depth interview study of both vaccinating and non-vaccinating orthodox protestant parents selected via purposeful sampling. The interviews were thematically coded by two analysts using the software program Atlas.ti. The initial coding results were reviewed, discussed, and refined by the analysts until consensus was reached. Emerging concepts were assessed for consistency using the constant comparative method from grounded theory. RESULTS: After 27 interviews, data saturation was reached. Based on characteristics of the decision-making process (tradition vs. deliberation) and outcome (vaccinate or not), 4 subgroups of parents could be distinguished: traditionally non-vaccinating parents, deliberately non-vaccinating parents, deliberately vaccinating parents, and traditionally vaccinating parents. Except for the traditionally vaccinating parents, all used predominantly religious arguments to justify their vaccination decisions. Also with the exception of the traditionally vaccinating parents, all reported facing fears that they had made the wrong decision. This fear was most tangible among the deliberately vaccinating parents who thought they might be punished immediately by God for vaccinating their children and interpreted any side effects as a sign to stop vaccinating. CONCLUSIONS: Policy makers and health care professionals should stimulate orthodox protestant parents to make a deliberate vaccination choice but also realize that a deliberate choice does not necessarily mean a choice to vaccinate

Coping with Time Pressure and Stress: Consequences for Families’ Food Consumption

This study explores the coping strategies that families apply when under time pressure and stress (time stress), and how such strategies affect food consumption at dinnertime. The data were based on photo interviewing methodology with a sample of 12 Norwegian children (ages seven and eight) and their parents. In this case, the children were asked to take photographs during their dinners at home and while shopping for groceries with their parents. The findings show that the most dominant explanation for time stress was the children’s participation in sport activities. In this regard, the families applied several coping strategies, such as skipping dinner and eating snacks instead, consuming convenience food, avoiding preference conflicts, planning for healthy dinners, involving children and grandparents in food preparation, and practising compensatory health beliefs and behaviours. This might be the first study that identifies parents’ use of compensatory health beliefs to justify children’s diets. More specifically, the parents stated that the children’s high activity levels could compensate for unhealthy food consumption. The strategies that were applied had varying influences on the families’ food consumption, depending on the parents’ confidence in cooking and meal-planning skills. It was found that parents with high confidence and skills were more likely to make healthy cooking a priority. Consequently, they served more healthy dishes at dinnertime, compared with other parents. Unlike previous studies, the findings indicate that children’s active lifestyles might not be directly related to healthy diets