Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: a bile acid that may be used for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that has become one of the main factors affecting human health. It has serious impacts on individuals, families, and society. With the development of population aging, the incidence of AD will further increase worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that many physiological metabolic processes, such as lipid metabolism, are implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Bile acids, as the main undertakers of lipid metabolism, play an important role in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, an endogenous bile acid, has been proven to possess therapeutic effects in different neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. This review tries to find the relationship between bile acid metabolism and AD, as well as explore the therapeutic potential of bile acid taurocursodeoxycholic acid for this disease. The potential mechanisms of taurocursodeoxycholic acid may include reducing the deposition of Amyloid-β protein, regulating apoptotic pathways, preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, protecting neuronal synapses, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, and improving metabolic disorders. The objective of this study is to shed light on the use of tauroursodeoxycholic acid preparations in the prevention and treatment of AD, with the aim of identifying effective treatment targets and clarifying various treatment mechanisms involved in this disease

Synthesis, Spectral and Antibacterial Studies of Copper(II) Tetraaza Macrocyclic Complexes

A novel family of tetraaza macrocyclic Cu(II) complexes [CuLX2] (where L = N4 donor macrocyclic ligands) and (X = Cl−, NO3 −) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moments, IR, EPR, mass, electronic spectra and thermal studies. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral studies suggest square planar geometry for [Cu(DBACDT)]Cl2 and [Cu(DBACDT)](NO3)2 complexes and distorted octahedral geometry to the rest of the ten complexes. The biological activity of all these complexes against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was compared with the activity of existing commercial antibacterial compounds like Linezolid and Cefaclor. Six complexes out of twelve were found to be most potent against both gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of thio group in the coordinated ligands

Modal cost analysis of flexible structures: Modeling flexible structures for control design

The integration issues of structural modeling and control design for large flexible structures are very important for developing sound models in a closed loop environment. Consideration of these issues leads one to conclude that the modeling problem and control problem are not independent. The connection between these two problems must be understood to develop reliable control algorithms and reduce the cost of extensive laboratory and flight testing. For many large space structures, the primary consideration is the quality of the response at specific locations due to excitation at other locations. It is this input-output type phenomenon which must be reflected in our structural modeling. Classically, modal frequencies have been of primary concern. We will show that it is more important to obtain accurate modal costs in our structural models. The modal costs represent the contribution of a vibration mode in the system response for given input and output locations. This research provides a complete modal cost analysis for certain distributed parameter systems and shows that structural modeling and model reduction methods should be influenced by the specific control objectives. The analysis proceeds via the following steps: (1) Convergence properties of modal costs are discussed for vibration of various simple continua. Explicit formulas for the total cost of the system are derived. These formulas are useful for determining the modes that must be retained to provide a specified accuracy in the structural model with respect to the control objectives. (2) Open loop modal cost analysis is applied to finite element models of beam-like structures. These results are compared with exact modal costs in order to evaluate the accuracy of the modal costs determined using finite element methods. (3) Finite element models are used to develop Linear Quadratic Gaussian control laws while exact models are used to evaluate performance of the resulting closed loop systems. These control laws are necessarily suboptimal. The closed loop performance is then related to the open loop modal cost errors. This research presents a comprehensive modal cost analysis for simple continua and discusses its implications in subsequent control system design. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.

The Degradation Mechanism of Toxic Atractyloside in Herbal Medicines by Decoction

molecule

Molecular Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Hydroxy-3-Chrysino Dithiocarbamate Derivatives

A series of 2-hydroxy-3-chrysino dithiocarbamate derivatives (3a–k) were designed, synthesized, and characterized for their structure determination by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectral data. They were screened for their in vitro biological activities against a panel of selected bacterial and fungal strains. These antimicrobial studies indicate that some of the analogues manifested significant activity compared to standard drugs. Among the synthetic analogues (3a–k), compounds 3d, 3f, and 3j exhibited very good antibacterial activity and compounds 3d, 3f, and 3h showed very good antifungal activity compared to the standard drugs penicillin and itrazole, respectively. The compounds 3e, 3g, and 3h showed moderate antibacterial activity and the compounds 3j and 3k showed moderate antifungal activity. Molecular docking studies were performed and the experimental antimicrobial screening results were also correlated with the binding energy values obtained by molecular docking. The synthesized chrysin analogues (3a–k) have obeyed Lipinski’s “rule of five” and have drug-likeness

Methodological quality of all eligible studies.

<p>Each item is presented as percentages across all included studies.</p

Flow chart showing the process of study selection.

<p>Flow chart showing the process of study selection.</p

The diagnostic accuracy of PET/MRI for detection of malignant lesions.

<p>The diagnostic accuracy of PET/MRI for detection of malignant lesions.</p