Ida-Lääs ränne Euroopas: Eesti taasiseseisvumisjärgne väljaränne ja tagasiränne

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kui veel 25 aasta eest oli väljaränne Eestist üsna haruldane, siis nüüdseks on vähemalt mõneks ajaks välismaale elama siirdumine muutunud üsna tavaliseks. Seda väljarännet Eestist, aga ka paljudest teistest Ida- ja Kesk-Euroopa riikidest Lääne-Euroopasse nimetatakse Ida-Lääs rändeks. Kuigi võimalusel välismaal õppida, töötada ja elada on mitmeid positiivseid aspekte, valmistab aina suurenev väljaränne päritolumaade riigijuhtidele ja teadlastele pigem muret. Kuna traditsiooniliselt on aktiivsemalt välja rännanud noorem tööealine elanikkond, on peamisteks probleemideks, mida arvukas väljaränne päritoluriikide jaoks võib tekitada, ajude väljavool, ajude raiskamine ja tööjõupuudus. Seepärast otsib käesolev doktoritöö vastust küsimustele, millises ulatuses on väljaränne Eestist toimunud, kuidas on Eesti liitumine Euroopa Liiduga väljarännet muutnud, kes on lahkujad, kas minnakse ära püsivalt või ka ajutiselt ja kui minnakse ajutiselt, siis mis mõjutab kodumaale naasmist? Kuna ülekaalukalt on eestlaste lemmiksihtkohaks olnud Soome, uuritakse doktoritöös põhjalikumalt just Soome rännanud Eesti inimesi, nende poolt kasutatavaid rändemustreid, nende lõimumist oma uue elukohariigi ühiskonda, säilinud sidemeid Eestiga ning võimalikke tagasirände plaane. Kõikjal maailmas teeb rahvusvahelise rände uurimise keeruliseks rändeandmete kesine kvaliteet. Probleeme tekitavad asjaolud, et riikidel on rändeandmete salvestamiseks sageli erinev metoodika, väljarändajad sageli ei registreeri oma riigist lahkumist ning lühiajalise rände kasvuga on aina raskem defineerida, kes on rändaja ja kes mitte. Seetõttu on doktoritöös tõstatatud küsimustele vastamiseks kasutatud nii rändestatistikat kui rändeuuringute andmeid ning nii kvantitatiivseid kui kvalitatiivseid meetodeid. Töö tulemused annavad olulist teadmist nii Eesti rahvastiku protsesside kui Ida-Lääs rände kohta tervikuna.Whereas only 25 years ago emigration from Estonia was rather rare then nowadays moving to a foreign country for at least a short period has become quite common. This migration flow from Estonia, and from other Eastern and Central European countries, to Western Europe is called East-West migration. Although the opportunity to study, work and live abroad has several positive aspects the increasing emigration raises concerns for politicians and researchers in the countries of origin. As younger working age people have traditionally been more active in emigrating the main problems that emigration may cause for origin countries are brain drain, brain waste and shortage of labour. Therefore, this dissertation seeks answers to the following questions: what has been the extent of emigration from Estonia, how has Estonia's accession to the European Union changed emigration, who are the emigrants, do they leave for good or are there also temporary migrants and if so, then what affects return migration? As Finland has been overwhelmingly the most favourite destination country for Estonian emigrants, this dissertation studies more thoroughly Estonian emigrants in Finland, their migration patterns, their integration into Finnish society, remaining ties with Estonia and possible return migration intentions. The poor quality of migration data worldwide complicates studies on international migration. Problems arise from the facts that countries often use different methods in recording migration data, emigrants often do not register their departure from the origin country and the increase of temporary migration has made defining who is a migrant and who is not more complicated. Therefore, in order to answer the questions raised in this dissertation both migration statistics and survey data, quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. The results of the dissertation contribute to the study of Estonian migration processes as well as to the literature on East-West migration

The formation and development of the Estonian diaspora

The Estonian diaspora was formed by two major, completed, waves of emigration and one further, emerging, wave of out-migration. The first mass emigration started in the mid-nineteenth century and lasted until World War I. During this period, demographic transition was taking place, yet there were limited options for urbanward migration within Estonia. This situation forced many Estonians to look for alternative destinations. Russia attracted migrants to its new agricultural lands and thus the Eastern sub-diaspora of Estonia took shape. The Western sub-diaspora emerged as a result of a second mass emigration in the form of a refugee exodus during World War II. The third and ongoing wave of emigration began at the end of the 1980s, and has broadened the geographical extent of the Western sub-diaspora. This paper outlines the formation of the Estonian sub-diasporas in the East and West, and clarifies the spatial and temporal changes they have undergone. While the formation of the Eastern sub-diaspora is relatively well studied, there are research gaps on the development of the Western one. This paper presents new archival evidence that documents the formation of the Western subdiaspora, particularly in relation to the period following the Soviet era. We also present data on emigration since Estonia regained independence. Key findings indicate that the Eastern sub-diaspora continues to contract, while the size of the Western element of the diaspora has remained stable throughout the postwar period. The continued viability of the Western sub-diaspora is a result of new emigration since the collapse of the Soviet Union, but this outwards migration is smaller in scale than the two earlier periods of mass emigration

Estonians in Finland - integration, links to homeland and forms of transnationalism

Non peer reviewe

Intentions on desired length of stay among immigrants in Italy

Abstract The decision to emigrate from the country of origin may not be a permanent one: migrants can decide to return home or to emigrate to a third country. This phenomenon, established for some time in certain other European countries, has become an important one for Italy only recently. This paper contributes to the knowledge of migrants’ intentions in two ways: on the one hand, it analyses the factors associated with indecision about future plans; on the other, it focuses on the desired length of stay and its relationship with attachments (family, economic, socio-cultural and psychological) to host and home country. We used two logistic regression models: one for migrants’ indecision and the other for migrants’ desired length of stay. The data were collected by survey, coordinated by the ISMU Foundation and conducted in 2008 and 2009 with more than 12,000 migrants living in Italy. According to our results, indecision seems to be associated with an intermediate phase of migration at the early stage of family development in the case of negative balance of the migration experience, while attachment to the host country is associated with longer stay, and no attachments or attachment to the country of origin are associated with shorter stay

Füsioterapeutiline sekkumine koolinoorte lülisamba skoliootilise deformatsiooni korral = Psysiotherapeutic intervention schoolchildren's spine scolitic deformation

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5352112*es

Developments in working life in Europe:EurWORK annual review 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway. The Annual Review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s network of European correspondents throughout 2015, complemented by recent research findings, including data from Eurofound’s European working conditions survey (EWCS) and Eurofound’s company survey (ECS). This review is divided into 10 thematic chapters, each of which provides an overview of the current situation, explores developments at European and national level, and examines particular issues rising from the analysis of the quarterly reporting for EurWORK