Leksikalistinen hypoteesi ja agglutinatiiviset kielet

The Lexicalist Hypothesis and agglutinative languages (englanti

Mediaalisuus leksikossa ja syntaksissa

Kirja-arvioKemmer, Suzanne: The middle voic

Tietoa äännesymboliikasta

Kirja-arvioHinton, Leanne & Nichols, Johanna & Ohala, John. J (toim.): Sound symbolis

VERBISANASTON UUDISTUMINEN

Artikkeli käsittelee verbilekseemien uudistumista suomen kielessä. Avoimet luokatuudistuvat oletuksen mukaan nopeasti, mutta suomen kielessä oletus ei päde verbisanaluokasta.Tulokset pohjautuvat korpustutkimukseen, jossa on käytetty toisaalta31 milj. sanaesiintymän sanomalehtiaineistoa (Helsingin Sanomien vuosikerrat2000 ja 2001) ja toisaalta nykysuomen sanakirjojen aineistoa (Nykysuomen sanakirja1951–1961; Uudissanasto 80; CD-Perussanakirja 1997). Nykysuomen sanakirjanja sanomalehtikorpuksen verbilekseemeistä 80 % on yhteistä, esiintymistäyhteinen aines kattaa yli 99.5 %. Huomattava osa korpuksen uudesta aineksestaon frekventatiivijohdoksia tutuista verbikannoista. Sanakirjoista oikeasti puuttuvaaines koostuu puhekielisyyksistä, lainasanoista ja uusia teko- ja valmistusprosessejanimeävistä muutosverbeistä. Sanarakenteeltaan uudisverbit ovat kompleksisia, mukanaon sekä johdoksia että yhdysverbejä, sanojen merkkimäärä on vastaavasti perussanastoakorkeampi.Avainsanat: verbileksikko, uudismuodoste, frekvenssi, hapax legomenon -lekseemiKey words: verb lexicon, lexical neologism, lexical frequency, hapax legomenon lexem

Adjektiivi-kategorian universaaliudesta

The universality of adjectives (englanti

Partiaalis-refleksiiviset asennon muutosta ilmaisevat verbit suomen kielessä

Partial-reflexive motion verbs in Finnish (englanti)3/1998 (102)Anneli PajunenPartial-reflexive motion verbs in Finnish The article discusses class of verbs designating body-part motion or change of position in Finnish and the hierarchical structure within this class. The verbs are divided into subgroups according to the segmental division of the human body (the head and its parts, connecting parts of the head and the body, the limbs). These body parts have different ontological and motional properties accordingly, some parts being ontologically complex and movable in many ways. The head, shoulders, body and limbs move like solid objects, the face, forehead, eyebrows, lips and nose like surfaces, the eyes and mouth like cavities, and the cheeks, chest and stomach like containers. Mostly the parts of the head are ontologically complex, e.g. the mouth and eyes. The object-like parts move up and down, forwards and backwards, and can be turned or bent. The surface-like parts can be shrinked and enlarged, the cavity-like parts are opened and closed, made wider or narrower, and the container-like parts can be full or empty, big or small.Verbs encoding these body part motions are mostly quite specific in meaning, and some of them accept only one kind of body part as an argument. The parts of the head behave most idiosyncratically. Although typically a specific verb can be exchanged for one with a more general meaning, many of the verbs discussed here lack a more general counterpart. The overall structure of this verb class is therefore special. Other motion verbs in Finnish form a deep hierarchy with many levels based on hyponymy, whereas change of state verbs form a flat hierarchy with at most two or three levels; the body part motion class has gaps in its hierarchy. Mostly the verbs encoding the motion of surfaces or facial movements lack a more general term.The article demonstrates that the verb lexicon differs in terms of the hierarchical structure of different verb classes. Generalizations are most effectively made of those verb classes with a deep hierarchical structure because terms in the lower levels inherit properties from items in the upper levels. In the body part motion class, terms must mostly be described in full and generalizations to be made are thus minor

Lausesemantiikan käsikirja

Kirja-arvioFrawley, William: Linguistic semantic

Processing modifier-head agreement in long Finnish words: Evidence from eye movements

The present study investigates whether processing of an inflected Finnish noun is facilitated when preceded by a modifier in the same case ending. In Finnish, modifiers agree with their head nouns both in case and in number and the agreement is expressed by means of suffixes (e.g., vanha/ssa talo/ssa ‘old/in house/in’ → ‘in the old house’). Vainio et al. (2003; 2008) showed processing benefits for this kind of modifier-head agreement, when the head nouns were relatively short. However, the effect showed up relatively late in the processing stream, such that word n + 1, the word following the target noun talo/ssa, was read faster when it was preceded by an agreeing modifier (vanha/ssa) than when no modifier was present. This led Vainio et al. to the conclusion that agreement exerts its effect at a later stage, namely at the level of syntactic integration and not at the level of lexical access. The current study investigates whether the same holds when head nouns are considerably longer (e.g., kaupungin/talo/ssa ‘city house/in’ → ‘in the city hall’). Our results show that the effect of agreement is facilitative in case of longer head nouns as well, but—in contrast to what was found for shorter words—the effect not only appeared late, but was also observed in earlier processing measures. It thus seems that, in processing long words, benefits related to modifier-head agreement are not confined to post-lexical syntactic integration processes, but extend to lexical identification of the head

Maailman kielten luokituksen ongelmia

[Martin Haspelmath & Matthew S. Dryer & David Gil & Bernard Comrie (toim.): The World Atlas of Language Structures