POLÍTICAS EN ENFERMERÍA: UN APRENDIZAJE ESENCIAL PARA ALUMNOS DE POSGRADO

In Canada, as elsewhere, nurses must face many challenges if they want to participate as an influential group within health care organizations, but there are some facilitators; among them are the ability to analyze the context, issues and the right course of actions from a political perspective. This article shares the learning outcomes of postgraduate students during a seminar on policies related to nursing services administration at Université Laval, Québec, Canada. The aim of this article is to present the learning achieved from themes and issues discussed in the seminar and introduce tools for political analysis that are useful to draw the current state of nursing in the healthcare system. At the end of the seminar, the learning achieved allowed students to comprehend different elements that must be taken into account to assess the current situation concerning important issues for the nursing profession and consider courses of action to influence their evolution. No Canadá, como em outros lugares, enfermeiros devem enfrentar muitos desafios caso queiram participar como umgrupo que influencia em organizações de cuidados em saúde. Contudo, existem alguns facilitadores, entre eles estão a habilidade deanalisar o contexto, assuntos e percurso correto de ações sob a perspectiva política. Este artigo compartilha o resultado de aprendizado de estudantes de pós-graduação durante um seminário em politicas relacionadas aos serviços de administração de enfermagem na Universidade Laval, Quebec, Canadá. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o aprendizado alcançado sobre temas e assuntos discutidos e introduzir ferramentas para análise política, úteis para descrever a atual posição de enfermagem no sistema de saúde. No final do seminário, o aprendizado permitiu aos estudantes compreender diferentes elementos que devem ser considerados para avaliar a atual situação no que diz respeito a assuntos importantes para a profissão, e considerar percursos de ação para influenciar seu desenvolvimento.En Canadá, como en otros sitios, enfermeros deben pasar por muchos desafíos si desean participar como un grupo queinfluencia organizaciones de cuidados en salud. Sin embargo, hay algunos facilitadores, entre los cuales están la habilidad de analizarel contexto, asuntos y camino correcto de acciones bajo la perspectiva política. Este artículo comparte el resultado del aprendizaje deestudiantes de posgrado durante un congreso de políticas relacionadas a los servicios de administración de enfermería en la UniversidadLaval, Quebec, Canadá. El objetivo del artículo fue presentar el aprendizaje alcanzado acerca de temas y asuntos discutidos así comointroducir herramientas para análisis político, útiles para describir la actual posición de la enfermería en el sistema de salud. En elfinal del evento, el aprendizaje permitió a los estudiantes comprender diferentes elementos que deben ser considerados para evaluarla actual situación acerca de asuntos importantes para la profesión, y considerar caminos de acción para influenciar su desarrollo

Human leukocytes differentially express endocannabinoid-glycerol lipases and hydrolyze 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and its metabolites from the 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways

2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis to enhance CB2 signaling has proven effective in mouse models of inflammation. However, the expression of 2-AG lipases has never been thoroughly investigated in human leukocytes. Herein, we investigated the expression of seven 2-AG hydrolases by human blood leukocytes and alveolar macrophages (AMs) and found the following protein expression pattern: monoacylglycerol (MAG lipase; eosinophils, AMs, monocytes), carboxylesterase (CES1; monocytes, AMs), palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1; AMs), α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD6; mainly AMs), ABHD12 (all), ABHD16A (all), and LYPLA2 (lysophospholipase 2; monocytes, lymphocytes, AMs).We next found that all leukocytes could hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites derived from cyclooxygenase-2 (prostaglandin E2-glycerol [PGE2-G]) and the 15-lipoxygenase (15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoyl-glycerol [15-HETE-G]). Neutrophils and eosinophils were consistently better at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites than monocytes and lymphocytes. Moreover, the efficacy of leukocytes to hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites was 2-AG ≥ 15-HETE-G >> PGE2-G for each leukocyte. Using the inhibitors methylarachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate (MAFP), 4-nitrophenyl-4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184), Palmostatin B, 4′-carbamoylbiphenyl-4-yl methyl(3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)carbamate, Nmethyl-N-[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-4′-(aminocarbonyl) [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl ester carbamic acid (WWL70), 4′-[[[methyl[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]amino]carbonyl]oxy]-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (WWL113), tetrahydrolipstatin, and ML349, we could not pinpoint a specific hydrolase responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2-G, and 15-HETE-G by these leukocytes. Furthermore, JZL184, a selective MAG lipase inhibitor, blocked the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2-G, and 15-HETE-G by neutrophils and the hydrolysis of PGE2-G and 15-HETE-G by lymphocytes, two cell types with limited/no MAG lipase. Using an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe to label hydrolases in leukocytes, we found that they expressmanyMAFP-sensitive hydrolases and an unknown JZL184-sensitive hydrolase of ~52 kDa. Altogether, our results indicate that human leukocytes are experts at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites via multiple lipases and probably via a yet-to-be characterized 52 kDa hydrolase. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis in humans will likely abrogate the ability of human leukocytes to degrade 2-AG and its metabolites and increase their anti-inflammatory effects in vivo

Support for UNRWA's survival

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) provides life-saving humanitarian aid for 5·4 million Palestine refugees now entering their eighth decade of statelessness and conflict. About a third of Palestine refugees still live in 58 recognised camps. UNRWA operates 702 schools and 144 health centres, some of which are affected by the ongoing humanitarian disasters in Syria and the Gaza Strip. It has dramatically reduced the prevalence of infectious diseases, mortality, and illiteracy. Its social services include rebuilding infrastructure and homes that have been destroyed by conflict and providing cash assistance and micro-finance loans for Palestinians whose rights are curtailed and who are denied the right of return to their homeland

Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hypoxemia is common in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and may be partly related to ventilation/perfusion mismatch, low diffusion capacity, low cardiac output, and/or right-to-left (RL) shunting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To determine whether true RL shunting causing hypoxemia is caused by intracardiac shunting, as classically considered, a retrospective single center study was conducted in consecutive patients with precapillary PH, with hypoxemia at rest (PaO₂< 10 kPa), shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) greater than 5%, elevated alveolar-arterial difference of PO₂(AaPO₂), and with transthoracic contrast echocardiography performed within 3 months.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among 263 patients with precapillary PH, 34 patients were included: pulmonary arterial hypertension, 21%; PH associated with lung disease, 47% (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 23%; interstitial lung disease, 9%; other, 15%); chronic thromboembolic PH, 26%; miscellaneous causes, 6%. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, and pulmonary vascular resistance were 45.8 ± 10.8 mmHg, 2.2 ± 0.6 L/min/m², and 469 ± 275 dyn.s.cm^-5, respectively. PaO₂in room air was 6.8 ± 1.3 kPa. Qs/Qt was 10.2 ± 4.2%. AaPO₂under 100% oxygen was 32.5 ± 12.4 kPa. Positive contrast was present at transthoracic contrast echocardiography in 6/34 (18%) of patients, including only 4/34 (12%) with intracardiac RL shunting. Qs/Qt did not correlate with hemodynamic parameters. Patients' characteristics did not differ according to the result of contrast echocardiography.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>When present in patients with precapillary PH, RL shunting is usually not related to reopening of patent <it>foramen ovale</it>, whatever the etiology of PH.</p

Lorsque le spectateur se fait acteur : la manoeuvre artistique

La manoeuvre est une conception de l’art action développée au début des années 1990 au Québec. La création collective y est perçue comme un moyen de renouer avec l’environnement et de repenser la pratique de la performance. Les oeuvres-manoeuvres cherchent ainsi à sortir le spectateur de sa léthargie habituelle afin de le faire participer au processus de création, tant physiquement qu’intellectuellement. Ce mémoire vise à analyser comment une participation plus active du spectateur dans le processus de création artistique peut influencer la réception et l’appréciation de l’oeuvre performative par le grand public

Oeuvre vivante, périssable, immuable ? La nourriture en arts visuels et son entrée dans le musée

Matière vivante et périssable, la nourriture a permis à des artistes comme Massimo Guerrera et Zoe Leonard de donner – littéralement et symboliquement – vie à leurs oeuvres. Ici, la nourriture se fait objet d’échanges relationnels et métaphore de l’entropie de notre existence charnelle.L’autrice aborde le thème de l’alimentation en analysant des oeuvres où la nourriture constitue non seulement un matériau donnant corps à l’oeuvre d’art, mais aussi un outil de réflexion métaphorique sur la vie, la mort, le temps qui passe et la création d’affects. Elle interroge également les modalités d’exposition et de conservation de ce type d’oeuvre dans les musées, ainsi que les enjeux formels et conceptuels que cela peut soulever