50 research outputs found

    Le rĂŽle et la place de la conflictualitĂ© dans la Gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des zones cĂŽtiĂšres (GIZC) : le cas des Îles-de-la-Madeleine

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    Les zones cĂŽtiĂšres sont des territoires riches, fragiles et complexes qui lient la terre et la mer. Ils connaissent des pressions et des enjeux largement reconnus surtout dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Le Canada et le QuĂ©bec ont pris conscience de ces enjeux Ă  la fin des annĂ©es 70 alors que la qualitĂ© des eaux du Saint-Laurent Ă©tait problĂ©matique. Le Plan d’action Saint-Laurent (PASL) fut une premiĂšre initiative conjointe pour attĂ©nuer les pressions subies par cet Ă©cosystĂšme. Peu Ă  peu, Ă  l’échelle fĂ©dĂ©rale comme Ă  l’échelle provinciale, des cadres normatifs d’action ont pris forme pour gĂ©rer durablement l’ensemble des mers et littoraux. Parmi les initiatives proposĂ©es, les instruments de Gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des zones cĂŽtiĂšres (GIZC) ont pris un essor dans les annĂ©es 90. Il s’agit d’instruments processuels permettant, par la participation du public, la concertation et la prise en compte de l’échelon local, de mettre en Ɠuvre une politique de dĂ©veloppement durable sur les littoraux et les mers. Ces derniers visent, par l’intĂ©gration et la concertation, Ă  attĂ©nuer d’une part les conflits d’usage, mais aussi Ă  proposer un dĂ©veloppement qui tienne compte des dimensions environnementales, sociales et Ă©conomiques. Les recherches sur la GIZC se sont d’abord concentrĂ©es au niveau organisationnel et managĂ©rial, en proposant un Ă©clairage sur ces nouvelles formes d’organisation collective territoriale et le fonctionnement de ces nouveaux processus de gestion (Hazel et al., 2006). D’autres Ă©tudes ont tentĂ© de saisir la portĂ©e et l’efficacitĂ© de ces dispositifs du point de vue de la mise en Ɠuvre du dĂ©veloppement durable (Gareau, 2000 et 2014; Gareau et Lepage, 2005). Une grande majoritĂ© de travaux ont explorĂ© le rĂŽle des acteurs locaux dans ces nouveaux mĂ©canismes de gouvernance locale (Plante et al., 2006). Ces recherches font la promotion de la concertation, du consensus, et de l’atteinte d’une plus grande Ă©quitĂ© en dĂ©laissant les questions de pouvoirs, d’autoritĂ©, de conflits, et de ressources nĂ©cessaires pour mettre en Ɠuvre la GIZC. Pourtant, la gestion intĂ©grĂ©e, en tant que dynamique sociale, modifie les rapports de force locaux (Nichols, 1999), et peut, par le fait mĂȘme, constituer une source additionnelle de conflits et de dĂ©gradation environnementale, alors mĂȘme que l’instrument est censĂ© servir Ă  s’en prĂ©munir. Elle manquerait aussi de l’autoritĂ© et des ressources nĂ©cessaires pour ĂȘtre efficace (McKenna et Cooper, 2006), et laisserait l’action locale reposer sur un consensus incertain et une neutralitĂ© bienveillante de l’État (BillĂ©, 2006). C’est pourquoi il est pertinent d’explorer le rĂŽle et la place de la conflictualitĂ© dans les instruments de GIZC, afin de mieux cerner la dimension politique de l’instrument et de saisir les bĂ©nĂ©fices d’une dĂ©mocratie agonistique. Il nous apparaĂźt alors opportun d’explorer la GIZC comme un instrument d’action publique qui n’est pas neutre. En effet, les instruments participatifs comme la GIZC sont des dispositifs Ă  la fois techniques et sociaux qui organisent les rapports gouvernants⁄gouvernĂ©s (Lascoumes et Le GalĂšs, 2004). Plus spĂ©cifiquement, en explorant le rĂŽle et la place de la conflictualitĂ© dans ces dispositifs participatifs, il est possible de contribuer Ă  une rĂ©flexion critique sur la GIZC (BillĂ©, 2006; Gareau 2000 et 2013; Gareau et Lepage 2005; Gauthier et Lepage 2005; Lepage, Gauthier et Champagne, 2002; Margerum, 2011, 2015; Mermet 1992; Nichols, 1999). Cette recherche de nature qualitative s’appuie sur l’étude du cas du territoire provincial quĂ©bĂ©cois des Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Ce territoire a un long historique de GIZC avec notamment la prĂ©sence d’un comitĂ© ZIP et plusieurs autres organismes environnementaux qui agissent de façon concertĂ©e. Par ailleurs, deux nouveaux projets en mer et sur terre, liĂ©s Ă  l’industrie des hydrocarbures sont venus bousculer les acteurs engagĂ©s dans le dĂ©veloppement durable du territoire madelinot. Les controverses qui se sont construites autour de ces deux projets de dĂ©veloppement nous ont permis d’explorer avec plus d’acuitĂ© la capacitĂ© des instruments de GIZC Ă  se saisir de cette conflictualitĂ© ambiante. En analysant les effets d’instrumentation (Lascoumes et Le GalĂšs, 2004), nous avons pu identifier les limites des instruments GIZC Ă  prendre en charge la conflictualitĂ© et comprendre les rationalitĂ©s politiques qui expliquent cette tendance. La conflictualitĂ© est ballottĂ©e d’un instrument Ă  l’autre, voire Ă©touffĂ©e, non seulement par les rĂšgles de fonctionnement de l’instrument et la maniĂšre dont les enjeux sont problĂ©matisĂ©s en fonction des ressources dont disposent les acteurs qui pilotent ces instruments, mais Ă©galement selon la nature des institutions qui les portent. Cette lecture de l’instrumentation de l’action publique nous a permis de construire une grille de lecture de la conflictualitĂ© Ă  partir d’une adaptation enrichie du modĂšle thĂ©orique de Hirschman (1970) : « exit, voice loyalty », pour notre cas d’étude. Cette grille met en Ă©vidence les diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance utilisĂ©s par les acteurs engagĂ©s dans, autour et envers les instruments en tenant compte de l’insularitĂ© pour faire valoir leurs points de vue divergents et crĂ©er des espaces pour que la conflictualitĂ© se dĂ©ploie. Notre analyse montre que des conflits latents ou ouverts apparaissent sous diverses formes, lieux et Ă©chelles de temps. Au final, mĂȘme si la plupart des instruments examinĂ©s sont peu propices Ă  la mise en place d’une rĂ©elle dĂ©mocratie agonistique (Blondiaux, 2008), la prise en charge de la conflictualitĂ© par plusieurs mouvements populaires et coalitions d’acteurs permet de nĂ©anmoins de transformer ces instruments en « tournois » (Lascoumes et Le Bourhis, 1998) et de dessiner les contours d’une gouvernance Ă©mergente construite sur un bien commun territorialisĂ©. Ainsi, malgrĂ© la prĂ©sence de cadres normatifs solides portant la GIZC, il existe un profond dĂ©calage entre, d’une part la gestion intentionnelle des zones cĂŽtiĂšres dirigĂ©e selon les principes de dĂ©veloppement durable et de gestion Ă©cosystĂ©mique et, d’autre part, la gestion effective qui demeure fragmentaire, orientĂ©e secteur par secteur et surtout guidĂ©e par des intĂ©rĂȘts privĂ©s. L’État maintient un mode de fonctionnement hiĂ©rarchique et techniciste derriĂšre l’illusion d’instrument de GIZC et laisse les communautĂ©s cĂŽtiĂšres sans rĂ©els pouvoir d’action

    Role of triadin in the organization of reticulum membrane at the muscle triad.

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    International audienceThe terminal cisternae represent one of the functional domains of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). They are closely apposed to plasma membrane invaginations, the T-tubules, with which they form structures called triads. In triads, the physical interaction between the T-tubule-anchored voltage-sensing channel DHPR and the SR calcium channel RyR1 is essential because it allows the depolarization-induced calcium release that triggers muscle contraction. This interaction between DHPR and RyR1 is based on the peculiar membrane structures of both T-tubules and SR terminal cisternae. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing the formation of SR terminal cisternae. We have previously shown that ablation of triadins, a family of SR transmembrane proteins that interact with RyR1, induced skeletal muscle weakness in knockout mice as well as a modification of the shape of triads. Here we explore the intrinsic molecular properties of the longest triadin isoform Trisk 95. We show that when ectopically expressed, Trisk 95 can modulate reticulum membrane morphology. The membrane deformations induced by Trisk 95 are accompanied by modifications of the microtubule network organization. We show that multimerization of Trisk 95 by disulfide bridges, together with interaction with microtubules, are responsible for the ability of Trisk 95 to structure reticulum membrane. When domains responsible for these molecular properties are deleted, anchoring of Trisk 95 to the triads in muscle cells is strongly decreased, suggesting that oligomers of Trisk 95 and microtubules contribute to the organization of the SR terminal cisternae in a triad

    Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein STOP by calmodulin kinase II.: Phosphorylation of STOP by CaMKII

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    International audienceSTOP proteins are microtubule-associated, calmodulin-regulated proteins responsible for the high degree of stabilization displayed by neuronal microtubules. STOP suppression in mice induces synaptic defects affecting both short and long term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, STOP has been identified as a component of synaptic structures in neurons, despite the absence of microtubules in nerve terminals, indicating the existence of mechanisms able to induce a translocation of STOP from microtubules to synaptic compartments. Here we have tested STOP phosphorylation as a candidate mechanism for STOP relocalization. We show that, both in vitro and in vivo, STOP is phosphorylated by the multifunctional enzyme calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which is a key enzyme for synaptic plasticity. This phosphorylation occurs on at least two independent sites. Phosphorylated forms of STOP do not bind microtubules in vitro and do not co-localize with microtubules in cultured differentiating neurons. Instead, phosphorylated STOP co-localizes with actin assemblies along neurites or at branching points. Correlatively, we find that STOP binds to actin in vitro. Finally, in differentiated neurons, phosphorylated STOP co-localizes with clusters of synaptic proteins, whereas unphosphorylated STOP does not. Thus, STOP phosphorylation by CaMKII may promote STOP translocation from microtubules to synaptic compartments where it may interact with actin, which could be important for STOP function in synaptic plasticity

    Exon skipping as a therapeutic strategy applied to an RYR1 mutation with pseudo-exon inclusion causing a severe core myopathy.

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    International audienceCentral core disease is a myopathy often arising from mutations in the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene, encoding the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel RyR1. No treatment is currently available for this disease. We studied the pathological situation of a severely affected child with two recessive mutations, which resulted in a massive reduction in the amount of RyR1. The paternal mutation induced the inclusion of a new in-frame pseudo-exon in RyR1 mRNA that resulted in the insertion of additional amino acids leading to the instability of the protein. We hypothesized that skipping this additional exon would be sufficient to restore RyR1 expression and to normalize calcium releases. We therefore developed U7-AON lentiviral vectors to force exon skipping on affected primary muscle cells. The efficiency of the exon skipping was evaluated at the mRNA level, at the protein level, and at the functional level using calcium imaging. In these affected cells, we observed a decreased inclusion of the pseudo-exon, an increased RyR1 protein expression, and a restoration of calcium releases of normal amplitude either upon direct RyR1 stimulation or in response to membrane depolarization. This study is the first demonstration of the potential of exon-skipping strategy for the therapy of central core disease, from the molecular to the functional level

    Absence of triadin, a protein of the calcium release complex, is responsible for cardiac arrhythmia with sudden death in human

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    Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease so far related to mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RYR2) or the cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) genes. Because mutations in RYR2 or in CASQ2 are not retrieved in all CPVT cases, we searched for mutations in the physiological protein partners of RyR2 and CSQ2 in a large cohort of CPVT patients with no detected mutation in these two genes. Based on a candidate gene approach, we focused our investigations on triadin and junctin, two proteins that link RyR2 and CSQ2. Mutations in the triadin (TRDN) and in the junctin (ASPH) genes were searched in a cohort of 97 CPVT patients. We identified three mutations in triadin which cosegregated with the disease on a recessive mode of transmission in two families, but no mutation was found in junctin. Two TRDN mutations, a 4 bp deletion and a nonsense mutation, resulted in premature stop codons; the third mutation, a p.T59R missense mutation, was further studied. Expression of the p.T59R mutant in COS-7 cells resulted in intracellular retention and degradation of the mutant protein. This was confirmed after in vivo expression of the mutant triadin in triadin knock-out mice by viral transduction. In this work, we identified TRDN as a new gene responsible for an autosomal recessive form of CPVT. The mutations identified in the two families lead to the absence of the protein, thereby demonstrating the importance of triadin for the normal function of the cardiac calcium release complex in humans

    Addressing the environmental, community and health impacts of resource development: Challenges across scales, sectors and sites

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    Work that addresses the cumulative impacts of resource extraction on environment, community, and health is necessarily large in scope. This paper presents experiences from initiating research at this intersection and explores implications for the ambitious, integrative agenda of planetary health. The purpose is to outline origins, design features, and preliminary insights from our intersectoral and international project, based in Canada and titled the “Environment, Community, Health Observatory” (ECHO) Network. With a clear emphasis on rural, remote, and Indigenous communities, environments, and health, the ECHO Network is designed to answer the question: How can an Environment, Community, Health Observatory Network support the integrative tools and processes required to improve understanding and response to the cumulative health impacts of resource development? The Network is informed by four regional cases across Canada where we employ a framework and an approach grounded in observation, “taking notice for action”, and collective learning. Sharing insights from the foundational phase of this five-year project, we reflect on the hidden and obvious challenges of working across scales, sectors, and sites, and the overlap of generative and uncomfortable entanglements associated with health and resource development. Yet, although intersectoral work addressing the cumulative impacts of resource extraction presents uncertainty and unresolved tensions, ultimately we argue that it is worth staying with the trouble

    Addressing the environmental, community and health impacts of resource development: Challenges across scales, sectors and sites

    Get PDF
    Work that addresses the cumulative impacts of resource extraction on environment, community, and health is necessarily large in scope. This paper presents experiences from initiating research at this intersection and explores implications for the ambitious, integrative agenda of planetary health. The purpose is to outline origins, design features, and preliminary insights from our intersectoral and international project, based in Canada and titled the “Environment, Community, Health Observatory” (ECHO) Network. With a clear emphasis on rural, remote, and Indigenous communities, environments, and health, the ECHO Network is designed to answer the question: How can an Environment, Community, Health Observatory Network support the integrative tools and processes required to improve understanding and response to the cumulative health impacts of resource development? The Network is informed by four regional cases across Canada where we employ a framework and an approach grounded in observation, “taking notice for action”, and collective learning. Sharing insights from the foundational phase of this five-year project, we reflect on the hidden and obvious challenges of working across scales, sectors, and sites, and the overlap of generative and uncomfortable entanglements associated with health and resource development. Yet, although intersectoral work addressing the cumulative impacts of resource extraction presents uncertainty and unresolved tensions, ultimately we argue that it is worth staying with the trouble

    "1er Prix du concours «La recherche en environnement et son apport à la société»

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    Anne Fauré s'est méritée le 1er prix du concours d'affiches intitulé « La recherche en environnement et son apport à la société » organisé dans le cadre du colloque. Elle a reçu une bourse d'étude de 500$. Le titre de son affiche : La gestion intégrée des zones cÎtiÚres: de l'instrumentation de l'action publique et de la traduction de réseaux d'acteurs vers une mise en perspective de la gouvernance

    An Impossible Immunity: Virginia Woolf’s Internal Resistance to Nazism in her Diaries

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    Although it is a piece of writing of the self that largely revolves around the private sphere, Virginia Woolf’s diary is far from being a self-sufficient, autonomous ivory tower cut off from the outside world. On the contrary, the diarist constantly responds to the public issues of her time, so that her diary is characterized by a to-and-fro movement between the inner and the outer worlds. The haunting presence of the public sphere in Woolf’s personal writings can be best felt in the diary entries written in the years 1933-1941, since the rise of fascism in Europe, and especially in Germany, had a great impact on the way she wrote in her diary. In this paper, I will examine the strategies she sets up in order to voice her anti-fascist commitment. This commitment takes the shape of an internal, intellectual resistance, based on the belief that the only battle worth fighting is that of the mind. Woolf satirizes the Nazi dictator and deflates his ideological discourse. Her resistance is also evidenced in her attempts to preserve the autonomy of the private sphere, which is inseparable from the freedom of the mind

    Jeannette Winterson ou l'art comme enchantement

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    PrĂ©face de Christine Reynier ; Recueil d'articles, essais, etc. traduits de l'anglais et parus entre 1881 et 2007, briĂšvement commentĂ©s par les membres de l'Équipe de recherche Études des pays anglophones, UniversitĂ© Paul-ValĂ©ry-Montpellier IIINational audienc
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