Between subjection and accommodation : the development of José de Anchieta's missionary project in colonial Brazil

This article provides an explanation for why José de Anchieta, S.J., the most influential missionary in early colonial Brazil, engaged in apparently contradictory evangelization practices. Anchieta's belief that both subjection and accommodation were necessary in the process of converting natives is evidenced by his epic poem, De gestis Mendi de Saa, which praised Governor Mem de Sá for the peace he brought to Brazil. The climax of the poem is the death by cannibalism of a bishop. This act, in the minds of Anchieta and fellow Portuguese colonists, constituted a cause for just war. While Anchieta's initial evangelization strategies were focused on taming "savages" by subjecting them to the laws of the colonial governor and altering their indigenous customs, after a relative state of peace was established in the Jesuits' mission villages Anchieta was able to catechize with great attention to indigenous sensibilities. An analysis of his most popular play, On the Feast of St. Lawrence, highlights how European and indigenous customs combined on the stages of colonial Brazil. Through Anchieta's poetry and drama, we see that there were many ways of proceeding among the Jesuits, and that their apparent contradictions are better understood in view of their ultimate purpose: converting souls

Transforming Indigenous Vice to Virtue on the Stages of Colonial Brazil: an analysis of Jesuit Theater and the plays of José de Anchieta

José de Anchieta (1534-1597), one of the most influential missionaries in the history of Catholic expansion into South America, addressed the theological and cultural issues of explaining Christian life to the Tupi. Through his dramatic works, Anchieta sought to reform the Tupi warrior and reorient Tupi vice to virtue. Seeking to win the moral fidelity of the Tupi, on stage he compromised on various aspects of Catholicism in order to transform the Tupi warrior into a warrior of Christ. Scholars debate whether Jesuit theater in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was used for catechetical purposes or if its primary objective was to promote Christian culture, life and morality. Yet, the Jesuit project did not consist of separating doctrine and way of life. As the works and compromises of Anchieta show, preaching doctrine, teaching Christian culture and maintaining an alliance with the crown were all possible.Entre os missionários mais influentes na história da expansão na América do Sul encontra-se o espanhol José de Anchieta (1534-1597), que abordou as questões teológicas e culturais de como explicar a vida cristã aos Tupi. As suas peças do teatro eram escritas para reformar o guerreiro tupi e redireccionar a vida tupi dos vícios para as virtudes. Os palcos de Anchieta eram um campo de batalha para ganhar a fidelidade moral do tupi, onde Anchieta condescendeu em muitos aspectos do Catolicismo com o objectivo último de transformar o guerreiro tupi num guerreiro de Cristo. Académicos debatem se o teatro jesuítico nos séculos XVI e XVII era usado principalmente para a catequese ou se era usado para promover a cultura, vida e moralidade cristã. No entanto, o projecto jesuítico não visava separar a doutrina e a maneira de viver. Como as peças e os compromissos de Anchieta mostram, pregar a doutrina, ensinar a cultura cristã e manter a aliança com a coroa era possível em simultâneo

Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

Introduction: The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures. Methods: In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025. Findings: Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2–6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p<0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5–5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p<0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4–10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p<0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32–4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP >5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23–11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation. Interpretation: After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification