Kvalitet i lederrekruttering: Hvordan bruk av personlighetstesting kan øke den prediktive validiteten ved ansettelse av ledere

Oppgaven sentrerer seg rundt hvordan personlighetstester kan benyttes for å kvalitetssikre rekrutteringen av ledere og hvilke forutsetninger som ligger til grunn for at bruk av test kan redusere risiko for feilrekrutteringer. Vårt overordnete teoretiske utgangspunkt fokuserer på personlighet, ledelse og femfaktormodellen. Ettersom vi ønsket å undersøke bruken av personlighetstester i praksis, tok vi videre utgangspunkt i eksisterende teorier innenfor rekrutteringsmetodikk, seleksjonsmetoder, testkvalitet og feilrekruttering. For å gjennomføre undersøkelsen har vi benyttet kvalitativ metode. Dette med bakgrunn i at vi ønsket å komme i dybden og var avhengig av mer informasjon enn hva en spørreundersøkelse kunne gi. Vi gjennomførte 8 semistrukturerte dybdeintervju med respondenter som jobber i HR-avdelinger i ulike bedrifter. Undersøkelsen viser at hensiktsmessig og strategisk bruk av personlighetstester vil kunne sikre en mer rettferdig og objektiv vurdering av kandidatene i rekrutteringsprosessen. Hovedfunnene viser at personlighetstester kan bidra til å redusere risikoen for feilansettelser dersom det utføres en grundig jobbanalyse, der ønskede personlighetstrekk hos lederkandidatene defineres. Det forutsettes også at personlighetstesten benyttes som et samtaleverktøy i forkant av et andregangsintervju, fremfor som et verktøy for å “sile kandidater”. I tillegg kommer det frem at testens kvalitet og testbrukerens kompetanse vil være en avgjørende faktor for en vellykket rekruttering

Use and perceptions on reusable and non-reusable menstrual products in Spain: a mixed-methods study

Menstrual products are necessary goods for women and people who menstruate to manage menstruation. Understanding the use and perceptions of menstrual products is key to promote menstrual equity and menstrual health. This study aimed at assessing the use and perceptions on menstrual products among women and people who menstruate aged 18-55 in Spain. Methods. A mixed-methods study was conducted, including a cross-sectional nation-wide study (N=22,823), and a qualitative study (N=34). Results. Participants used a combination of products. Non-reusable products were the most used, while over half used reusable products. Usage changed when data were stratified by age, gender identification, completed education, country of birth and experiencing financial issues. It also varied between trans and cis participants. Menstrual products' use also shifted based on experiences of menstrual poverty and access to information and products. Overall, reusable products were perceived to be more acceptable than non-reusable. Barriers to use the menstrual cup were also identified, including experiences of menstrual inequity (e.g., menstrual poverty, lack of access to information or menstrual management facilities). Conclusion. Perceptions and choices of menstrual products need to be acknowledged, especially when designing and implementing menstrual policies to address menstrual inequity and menstrual health

Implicit Gender Bias in Job Advertisements: The Interactive Influence of Masculine Wording, and Gender and Professional Closeness of the Contact Person on Job Appeal

Masteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Leadership and Organizational Psychology - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2018To understand the extent to which gendered wording exists in job advertisements in the Norwegian context, and what the implications of using masculine wording in job advertisements for male-dominated professions could be for the recruitment of female applicants, we have carried out two studies. First, a pre-study was conducted to examine the existence of gendered wording in Norwegian job advertisements for male-dominated professions. The archival analysis of 200 ads showed that there is a minimal difference with a slightly higher percentage of masculine wording than feminine wording (H1). In both Construction and Finance a higher percentage of masculine language was found, whilst in the advertisements for positions within IT the number of feminine words was higher. However, within Transport and Logistics the distribution of gendered words was equal. Second, using an experimental design and data from 174 college-level students, we found that masculine wording in job advertisements for finance positions did not have a negative effect on job appeal ratings from females (H2). When adding the gender of the contact person no difference was found (H3). However, when looking at the interaction between the gender and professional distance of the contact person and its effect on job appeal in the context of masculine wording, an interesting effect was identified. In contrast to what we predicted, the findings suggest that female job seekers are less likely to find the job advertisement appealing when the contact person is male and professionally distant (H4). This shows that in Norwegian job advertisements cues other than language may be important for the recruitment of female applicants to male-dominated professions, and that further research is needed in this area. Practical implications and suggestions for further research of these findings are discussed. Keywords: recruitment; gender bias; diversity; stereotypes; recruitment and selectio

Implicit Gender Bias in Job Advertisements: The Interactive Influence of Masculine Wording, and Gender and Professional Closeness of the Contact Person on Job Appeal

To understand the extent to which gendered wording exists in job advertisements in the Norwegian context, and what the implications of using masculine wording in job advertisements for male-dominated professions could be for the recruitment of female applicants, we have carried out two studies. First, a pre-study was conducted to examine the existence of gendered wording in Norwegian job advertisements for male-dominated professions. The archival analysis of 200 ads showed that there is a minimal difference with a slightly higher percentage of masculine wording than feminine wording (H1). In both Construction and Finance a higher percentage of masculine language was found, whilst in the advertisements for positions within IT the number of feminine words was higher. However, within Transport and Logistics the distribution of gendered words was equal. Second, using an experimental design and data from 174 college-level students, we found that masculine wording in job advertisements for finance positions did not have a negative effect on job appeal ratings from females (H2). When adding the gender of the contact person no difference was found (H3). However, when looking at the interaction between the gender and professional distance of the contact person and its effect on job appeal in the context of masculine wording, an interesting effect was identified. In contrast to what we predicted, the findings suggest that female job seekers are less likely to find the job advertisement appealing when the contact person is male and professionally distant (H4). This shows that in Norwegian job advertisements cues other than language may be important for the recruitment of female applicants to male-dominated professions, and that further research is needed in this area. Practical implications and suggestions for further research of these findings are discussed. Keywords: recruitment; gender bias; diversity; stereotypes; recruitment and selectio

Self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic in Spain: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: Available evidence suggests that there might be an association between the stressors experienced during the COVID- 19 syndemic and changes in menstrual patterns. The aim of this study was to assess self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic among women and people who menstruate aged 18-55 in Spain. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted (March-July 2021). Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. This study was conducted as part of the 'Equity and Menstrual Health in Spain' research project. Results: Among participants (N=17,455), 39.4% reported menstrual alterations since the start of the syndemic. Participants selfreporting long COVID-19 presented higher odds of menstrual alterations (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57). In participants with no history of COVID-19, the risk for self-reported menstrual alterations was significantly higher based on employment situation, among participants experiencing financial issues (eg, financial issues always/many times 25, being a carer, not having a gynecological condition and using hormonal contraception. Discussion and conclusions: Findings suggest an impact of the COVID-19 syndemic on menstrual patterns. Social inequities in reporting menstrual alterations were identified. While the risk of reporting menstrual alterations was higher among participants with long COVID-19, evidence is not conclusive. Further research on menstrual health in the context of COVID-19 is needed, also to inform policy and practice

Menstruation and social inequities in Spain: a cross-sectional online survey-based study

Abstract Background Available research suggests that menstrual inequity has an impact on (menstrual) health outcomes and emotional wellbeing. It is also a significant barrier to achieve social and gender equity and compromises human rights and social justice. The aim of this study was to describe menstrual inequities and their associations with sociodemographic factors, among women and people who menstruate (PWM) aged 18–55 in Spain. Methods A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in Spain between March and July 2021. Descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. Results A total of 22,823 women and PWM were included in the analyses (Mean age = 33.2, SD = 8.7). Over half of the participants had accessed healthcare services for menstruation (61.9%). The odds for accessing menstrual-related services were significantly higher among participants with university education (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI, 1.13–1.95). Also, 57.8% reported having had partial or no menstrual education pre-menarche, with odds being higher among participants born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI, 0.36–0.93). Lifetime self-reported menstrual poverty was between 22.2–39.9%. Main risk factors for menstrual poverty were identifying as non-binary (aOR: 1.67, 95% CI, 1.32–2.11), being born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI, 1.77–4.24), and not having a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 4.27, 95% CI, 1.94–9.38). Completed university education (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI, 0.44–0.84) and no financial hardship < 12 months (aOR: 0.06, 95% CI, 0.06–0.07) were protective factors for menstrual poverty. Besides, 75.2% reported having overused menstrual products due to lack of access to adequate menstrual management facilities. Menstrual-related discrimination was reported by 44.5% of the participants. Non-binary participants (aOR: 1.88, 95% CI, 1.52–2.33) and those who did not have a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 2.11, 95% CI, 1.10-4.03) had higher odds of reporting menstrual-related discrimination. Work and education absenteeism were reported by 20.3% and 62.7% of the participants, respectively. Conclusions Our study suggests that menstrual inequities affect a high number of women and PWM in Spain, especially those more socioeconomically deprived, vulnerabilised migrant populations and non-binary and trans menstruators. Findings from this study can be valuable to inform future research and menstrual inequity policies

Experiences of menstrual inequity and health among women and people who menstruate in the Barcelona area (Spain): a qualitative study

Introduction: Menstrual health and menstrual inequity have been neglected in social, economic, healthcare and political spheres. Although available evidence is scarce, it already suggests a link between experiencing menstrual inequity (which refers to the systematic disparities in accessing menstrual health and education, menstrual products and spaces for menstrual management, among other aspects) and menstrual health outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore experiences of menstrual health and menstrual inequity among women and people who menstruate aged 18-55 in Barcelona and surrounding areas (Spain). Methods: A qualitative study, using a critical feminist perspective, was conducted. Sampling was purposeful and selective. Recruitment was through sexual and reproductive health centres, social media and snowball sampling techniques. Thirty-four semi-structured photo-elicitation interviews were conducted between December 2020 and February 2021. Interviews took place in sexual and reproductive health centres, public spaces, and by telephone. Data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results: Three themes were identified: 'Systemic neglect of menstruation and the menstrual cycle', 'When 'the private' becomes public: menstrual management' and 'Navigating menstrual health: between medicalization and agency'. Experiences of menstrual inequity appeared to be widespread among participants. They referred to the impact of having to conceal menstruation and the barriers to managing menstruation in public spaces. Choosing menstrual products was often influenced by price and availability; several participants reported menstrual poverty. A general lack of menstrual education was described. Menstrual education was usually gained through personal experience and self-learnings, or through families and friends. Menstruation and the menstrual cycle had a significant impact on participants' day-to-day. Accessing and navigating the healthcare system was challenging, as participants mostly reported feeling dismissed and almost exclusively offered hormonal contraception as a panacea to address menstrual health