Legal Responses in the Area of Migration Security after 2015 Migration Crisis in Italy, Germany and Poland. Whose Security Does National Law Protect: Migrants or Citizens?

The aim of the article is to analyze the changes introduced recently (2018-2019) in the national migration law of the selected Member States: Italy, Poland and Germany and to examine whether there exist guarantees of the right to migration security and guarantees for the realization of the principle of migration security priority at the level of national legislation. The second problem under investigation concerns the fact whether the changes introduced in the legislation recently ensure a higher level of migration security in comparison with the previous regulations. Finally, the analysis carried out in the current article is intended to demonstrate whether national law protects the rights of migrants and the receiving society in equal measure or whether certain fundamental rights which migrants are entitled to are at risk of being derogated due to the necessity of providing security to migration processes and the protection of the receiving society. The paper analyzes in detail the legislative initiatives and amendments introduced in migration and refugee law in Germany, Italy and Poland. What is more, the author gathers and analyzes the most representative national case law concerning the asylum and return migration.

ZNACZENIE WYROKU W SPRAWIE TARAKHEL PRZECIWKO SZWAJCARII WOBEC PROBLEMU NAPŁYWU OSÓB POSZUKUJĄCYCH OCHRONY MIĘDZYNARODOWEJ DO REPUBLIKI WŁOSKIEJ

The aim of the present paper is analysis of the European Court of Human Rights Judgment in case Tarakhel v Switzerland (judgment of 4th November 2014) where the Tribunal found that sending back the applicant family to Italy constituted the risk of violation of article 3 and article 8 of the Convention. In justification of the above mentioned decision the Court indicated the problems that Italy meets in organization of asylum system and reception centers. The article describes also the current migratory situation of Italy, national legal framework of asylum system and its implementation. Moreover the paper gives the comparative perspective, presenting the judgments of MS’ as well as international courts decisions considering the returns of asylum seekers under Dublin Regulation’s provisions.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wyroku Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka z 4 listopada 2014 r. w sprawie Tarakhel przeciwko Szwajcarii, w którym Trybunał uznał, że zawrócenie migrantów ubiegających się o status uchodźcy ze Szwajcarii do Włoch, jako państwa właściwego do rozpatrzenia ich wniosku statusowego, może naruszyć gwarancje z art. 3 i 8 Europejskiej konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności. Uzasadniając wyrok, Trybunał oparł się w szczególności na argumentach dotyczących problemów, z jakimi boryka się Republika Włoska w organizacji systemu azylowego, w tym funkcjonowaniu ośrodków recepcyjnych. Tym samym Włochy stały się kolejnym państwem, które zdaniem Trybunału, nie zapewnia warunków godnego i humanitarnego rozpatrzenia wniosków o status uchodźcy składanych przez obywateli państw trzecich

Słowacki apokryficzny? Twórcza lektura Biblii w wykonaniu przemienionego poety a status materii w myśli genezyjskiej

The article shows the way Juliusz Słowacki read the Bible in the 1840s, after the mystical transformation. Although this issue has been thoroughly researched, some of its aspects still require interpretation. Researchers perceive the poet as ‘Słowacki of the spirits’ and are convinced that he was focused exclusively on the spiritual sphere and depreciated matter. In fact, he did not deny corporeality, but reflected on it, and looked for the justification of its status precisely in the Bible – especially in the first chapters of the Book of Genesis. However he did not deal with the hermeneutics of Holy Scripture, but strived to approach the biblical message from the perspective of his own revelation. An interpretation of these shifts (contained in the so-called Philosophical Work) allows us to see the poet’s striving to concretise the biblical vision and his interest in the material reality of the first days of the world. It shows Słowacki as a long-term, vigilant reader of the Bible, who tries to clarify its content, as well as a thinker – the creator of the genesis thought – who values matter more than is usually assumed.Artykuł pokazuje sposób, w jaki Juliusz Słowackiego czytał Biblię w latach czterdziestych XIX wieku, czyli po przemianie zwanej mistyczną. Choć to zagadnienie ma długą tradycję badawczą, wciąż pewne jego wątki domagają się interpretacji. Na odczytywaniu twórczości z tych lat ciąży bowiem postrzeganie poety jako „Słowackiego od duchów” – skupionego wyłącznie na sferze duchowej, a tym samym deprecjonującego materialną warstwę istnienia. W istocie romantyk nie neguje cielesności, za to poddaje ją refleksji, a uzasadnienia jej statusu poszukuje właśnie w Biblii – przede wszystkim w pierwszych rozdziałach Księgi Rodzaju. Odczytanie Słowackiego odbiega od oryginału w kilku aspektach, co pozwala sądzić, że nie zajmuje się on hermeneutyką Pisma Świętego, lecz dąży do dopełnienia biblijnego przekazu z perspektywy własnego objawienia. Interpretacja tych przesunięć (zawartych w tzw. Dziele filozoficznym) pozwala dostrzec u poety dążenie do konkretyzacji wizji biblijnej oraz zainteresowanie materialną rzeczywistością pierwszych dni świata. Pokazuje Słowackiego jako wieloletniego, czujnego czytelnika Biblii, próbującego doprecyzować jej treść, jak również myśliciela – twórcę myśli genezyjskiej – ceniącego materię bardziej, niż zwykło się przyjmować

The role of the Court in modelling the standard of equal treatment in employment: Analysis of the judgment of the Court of Justice in case C-344/20

The aim of this commentary is to analyse the judgment of the Court of Justice in L.F. v. S.C.R.L., in which the Court analysed provisions of the Equal Treatment Directive (2000/78) in light of the general prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief. The main proceedings in the case analysed concerned a Muslim woman who wore an Islamic headscarf and was doing an office internship at S.C.R.L., a cooperative limited liability company. Due to the neutrality policy at work, she was unable to manifest her religion and brought an action for a prohibitory injunction before a domestic court. In preliminary ruling, the Court decided that she was not a victim of discrimination. The F.L. judgment is a continuation of the Court’s line of judicial decisions in cases G4S and WABE referred to before. The article analyses the current case law of the CJEU and ECHR that touches on the problem of the expression of religious belief and seeks the answer to the question: Which value is more important to be protected in contemporary European society – the identity of the person or the freedom to conduct a business

Has the CJEU Made the First Step to Put a Stop to the Criminalisation of Migration? Commentary to the Judgement in the Case of JZ in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The paper presents a critical discussion of the CJEU judgment in the JZ case (C 806/18), in which the Court interpreted Article 11 of Directive 2008/115 that regulates entry ban issuance. The author asks a question of whether an entry ban as a measure limiting the right to free movement has a moral and legal ground in international law and EU law. Moreover, the author focuses on the problem of the criminalisation of irregular migration – both in the context of the established line of the Court’s case law and in the case of a vague national law standard that penalizes illegal stays – the possibility to apply the criminal law concept of error in law and thus exclusion of criminal liability of an illegal [email protected] Magdalena Kosińska is an Associated Professor at the University of Szczecin, Poland.University of Szczecin, PolandAd Hoc Query on 2020.81 Umbrella Inform – Covid-19 and Return – Part 2 (REG Practitioners and NCPs). Requested by COM on 21 December 2020.Bosworth M., Human Rights and Immigration Detention in the United Kingdom, (in:) M.B. Dembour, T. Kelly (eds.), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States, London 2011.Carens J.H., The Ethics of Immigration, New York 2013.Chetail V., International Migration Law, Oxford 2019.Chin G.J., Illegal Entry as Crime, Deportation as Punishment: Immigration Status and the Criminal Process, “UCLA Law Review” 2011, https://www.uclalawreview.org/illegal-entry-as-crime-deportation-as-punishment-immigration-status-and-the-crim[inal-process/.Crosby A., The Political Potential of the Return Directive, “Laws” 2014, no. 3.di Molfetta E., Brouwer J., Unravelling the ‘Crimmigration Knot’: Penal Subjectivities, Punishment and the Censure Machine, “Criminology & Criminal Justice” 2020, vol. 20, no 3.Eule T.G., Borrelli L.M., Lindberg A., Wyss A., Migrants Before the Law. Contested Migration Control in Europe, London and Basingstoke 2019.European Migration Network (EMN), The Effectiveness of Return in EU Member States. Synthesis Report for the EMN Focussed Study, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports_en.Grant S., The Recognition of Migrants’ Rights within the UN Human Rights System: the first 60 years, (in:) M.B. Dembour, T. Kelly (eds.), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States, London 2011.Grey C., Justice and Authority in Immigration Law, Oxford and Portland, OR 2017.Kolankiewicz M., Sager M., Clandestine Migration Facilitation and Border Spectacle: Criminalisation, Solidarity, Contestations, “Mobilities” 2012, vol. 16, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17450101.2021.1888628.Koronawirus a więzienia. Skargi do RPO – na brak środków ochrony, nieprzestrzeganie zaleceń sanitarnych, dostęp do badań, https://www.rpo.gov.pl/pl/content/koronawirus-a-wiezienia-skargi-rpo-od-osadzonych-i-rodzin.Kox M., Boone M., The Pains of Being Unauthorized in the Netherlands, “Punishment & Society” 2020, vol. 22, no. 4.Miller D., Strangers in Our Midst, The Political Philosophy of Immigration, Cambridge, MA 2016.Motomura H., Immigration Outside the Law, New York 2014.Pahladsingh A., The Legal Requirements of the Entry Ban: The Role of National Courts and Dialogue with the Court of Justice of the European Union, (in:) M. Moraru, G. Cornelisse, Ph. De Bruycker (eds.), Law and the Judicial Dialogue on the Return of Irregular Migrants from the European Union, Oxford 2020.Sanchez G., Achilli L., Stranded: The Impacts of COVID-19 on Irregular Migration and Migrant Smuggling, “Policy Briefs” 2020, no. 20.Strąk M., Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie powrotów. Aspekty prawne, Warsaw 2019.Stumpf J.P., The Process is the Punishment in Crimmigration Law, (in:) K. Franko Aas, M. Bosworth (eds.), The Borders of Punishment. Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, Oxford 2013.Szklanna A., Ochrona prawna cudzoziemca w wietle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Warsaw 2010.Tsoukala A., Turning Immigrants into Security Threats: A Multi – Faceted Process, (in:) G. Lazardis (ed.), Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe, London 2016.Waasdorp J., Pahladsingh A., Expulsion or Imprisonment? Criminal Law Sanctions for Breaching an Entry Ban in the Light of Crimmigration Law, “Bergen Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice” 2019, vol. 4, no 2.Weissbrodt D., Divine M., International human rights of migrant, (in:) B. Opekin, R. Perruchoud, J. Redpath-Cross (eds.), Foundations of International Migration Law, Cambridge 2012.Zedner L., Is the Criminal Law Only for Citizens? A Problem at the Borders of Punishment, (in:) K. Franko Aas, M. Bosworth (eds.), The Borders of Punishment. Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, Oxford 2013.26620722

REALIZACJA DOKTRYNY POLITYCZNEJ W ARCHITEKTURZE EUR 42 W RZYMIE

The aim of the present article is to analyze an urban complex conceived by Benito Mussolini, that is district EUR42 and to point out the elements of the building plans which were meant to convey political doctrine through architectural solutions. Eur was intended to be “a city within a city”, built from the very beginning in order to illustrate in its concept the vision of the state created by Mussolini. His vision entailed, among others, a conviction that Rome was a successor to the legacy of ancient tradition and papal Rome (“La terza Roma” – the third Rome) and a special role of Italy in building the European culture. Moreover, the urban experiment was to reflect Italy’s imperial ambitions. Each element of the district was to express “religione dello stato”, that is the significance of the state as both the patron of the arts as well as a universal value, the basis for the functioning of society and a source of culture.Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di analizzare il concetto della pianificazione urbana di EUR 42 e di identificare gli elementi che hanno contribuito alla trasmissione della dottrina politica attraverso mezzi architettonici. Il quartire EUR fu progettato per illustrare una visione dello stato creata da Benito Mussolini, convinto che Roma fosse erede della civiltà classica e della Roma papale ("La terza Roma") e che l’Italia avesse un ruolo particolare nella costruzione della cultura europea. La zona fu progettata anche per manifestare le ambizioni imperiali del regime fascista e della visione dello Stato come patrono delle arti e fonte di cultura ovvero come valore universale e bene fondamentale per il funzionamento della società.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza założenia urbanistycznego, jakim jest dzielnica EUR42 oraz wskazanie na te jej elementy, które przyczyniały się do przekazu doktryny politycznej poprzez środki architektoniczne. Eur miał być „miastem mieście”, budowanym od podstaw i ilustrującym w swojej koncepcji wizję państwa stworzoną przez Benito Mussoliniego. Na wizję tę składały się m.in. przekonanie o kontynuacji tradycji antycznej i Rzymu papieskiego („La terza Roma”) oraz o szczególnej roli Włoch w budowaniu kultury Europy. Ponadto założenie miało ilustrować ambicje imperialne Włoch. Każdy element dzielnicy miał wyrażać „religione dello stato” czyli znaczenie państwa zarówno jako mecenasa sztuki, jak też jako wartości uniwersalnej, podstawy funkcjonowania społeczeństwa i źródła kultury

Atypowe cechy fenotypowe u nosicieli nowej mutacji nonsens Q248X w genie HNF1B

Introduction: Hepatocyte transforming factor 1B-maturity onset diabetes mellitus of the young (HNF1B-MODY) is an autosomal dominant type of monogenic diabetes caused by a mutation in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor 1beta (HNF-1beta). The aim of this study was to determine if a HNF1B gene mutation was responsible for a dominantly inherited form of diabetes mellitus among the members of a three-generation Polish family. Material and methods: The index subject was a 13-year-old boy with metabolic syndrome, spina bifida occulta, posterior urethral valves, congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and a family history of diabetes of autosomal dominant trait of inheritance. We performed clinical and laboratory examinations of his family and sequenced the HNF1B gene. Results: A novel Q248X mutation (nucleotide C to T transition at position 742 of the exon 3 of HNF1B gene, resulting in stop codon formation) was identified. Phenotypes of family members sharing this mutation are highly variable, and include previously known abnormalities of the urinary system and pancreas, diabetes mellitus of variable onset and severity, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, elevated aminotransferases, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperamylasemia, short stature and cataracts. To the best of our knowledge, spina bifida occulta, pectus carinatum, and splenomegaly have not been previously reported. Conclusions: Our results broaden the spectrum of HNF1B gene mutations and HNF1B-MODY-related phenotypes. Wstęp: Cukrzyca HNF1B-MODY dziedziczona w sposób autosomalnie dominujący jest rodzajem cukrzycy monogenowej, którą powoduje mutacja w genie HNF1B (hepatocyte transforming factor 1B). Celem pracy było zbadanie czy mutacja w HNF1B jest przyczyną występowania cukrzycy w trzech pokoleniach polskiej rodziny. Materiał i metody: Przeprowadzono ocenę kliniczną i laboratoryjną oraz sekwencjonowanie genu HNF1B trzynastoletniego chłopca z zespołem metabolicznym, rozszczepem kręgosłupa, zastawkami cewki tylnej i wrodzonym zwężeniem moczowodu oraz obciążonym wywiadem rodzinnym w kierunku cukrzycy. Ze względu na wywiad rodzinny o autosomalnie dominującym sposobie dziedziczenia cukrzycy zbadano również członków jego rodziny. Wyniki: Stwierdzono obecność nowej mutacji Q248X będącej skutkiem przeniesienia nukleotydu C na miejsce T w pozycji 742 eksonu 3 genu HNF1B i powstaniem kodonu stop. Cechy fenotypowe członków rodziny będących nosicielami tej mutacji okazały być się bardzo zróżnicowane, a niektóre z nich takie jak spina bifida occulta, pectus carinatum i splenomegalia nie były dotychczas opisywane. Wnioski: Wyniki poszerzają spectrum mutacji genu HNF1B oraz związanych z nimi cech fenotypowych cukrzycy HNF1B-MODY

Evaluation of changes in the mode of twin deliveries over the years

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the course of twin deliveries over the years, with particular emphasis on the history of infertility, duration of pregnancy, mode of delivery, indications for caesarean section (CS) and infant condition. Material and methods: The study consisted of three groups of patients who delivered twins at the First Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw: 92 women in years 1987-1991 (G1), 62 in years 1997-2001 (G2) and 126 in years 2007-2010 (G3). The history of infertility treatment (especially in vitro fertilization), mode of delivery, indications for cesarean section and newborn condition were taken into account. The results were afterwards compared among the groups and the differences were analyzed with the use of Statistica 10.0 software, with p valu