Climate-related land use policies in Brazil: How much has been achieved with economic incentives in agriculture?

Until 2019, the Brazilian federal government employed a number of policy measures to fulfill the pledge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from land use change and agriculture. While its forest law enforcement strategy was partially successful in combating illegal deforestation, the effectiveness of positive incentive measures in agriculture has been less clear. The reason is that emissions reduction from market-based incentives such as the Brazilian Low-Carbon Agriculture Plan cannot be easily verified with current remote sensing monitoring approaches. Farmers have adopted a large variety of integrated land-use systems of crop, livestock and forestry with highly diverse per-hectare carbon balances. Their responses to policy incentives were largely driven by cost and benefit considerations at the farm level and not necessarily aligned with federal environmental objectives. This article analyzes climate-related land-use policies in the state of Mato Grosso, where highly mechanized soybean–cotton and soybean–maize cropping systems prevail. We employ agent-based bioeconomic simulation together with life-cycle assessment to explicitly capture the heterogeneity of farm-level costs, benefits of adoption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Our analysis confirms previous assessments but suggests a smaller farmer policy response when measured as increase in area of integrated systems. In terms of net carbon balances, our simulation results indicate that mitigation effects at the farm level depended heavily on the exact type of livestock and grazing system. The available data were insufficient to rule out even adverse effects. The Brazilian experience thus offers lessons for other land-rich countries that build their climate mitigation policies on economic incentives in agriculture

Can preferential credit programs speed up the adoption of low-carbon agricultural systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil? Results from bioeconomic microsimulation

The need to balance agricultural production and environmental protection shifted the focus of Brazilian land-use policy toward sustainable agriculture. In 2010, Brazil established preferential credit lines to finance investments into low-carbon integrated agricultural systems of crop, livestock and forestry. This article presents a simulation-based empirical assessment of integrated system adoption in the state of Mato Grosso, where highly mechanized soybean–cotton and soybean–maize doublecrop systems currently prevail. We employ bioeconomic modeling to explicitly capture the heterogeneity of farm level costs and benefits of adoption. By parameterizing and validating our simulations with both empirical and experimental data, we evaluate the effectiveness of the ABC Integration credit through indicators such as land-use change, adoption rates and budgetary costs of credit provision. Alternative scenarios reveal that specific credit conditions might speed up the diffusion of low-carbon agricultural systems in Mato Grosso

Avaliação do impacto do PRONAF sobre a agricultura familiar no município de Bonito, estado de Pernambuco, mediante o uso do Propensity Score Matching

O Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) é uma das políticas públicas mais importantes voltadas para a agricultura familiar. Atendendo cerca de dois milhões de agricultores familiares por ano, o PRONAF contribui para a democratização do acesso ao crédito rural entre um grupo de produtores rurais que até então tinha ficado às margens do sistema financeiro. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o impacto do PRONAF sobre os agricultores familiares no município de Bonito, Estado de Pernambuco, mediante o uso do propensity score matching (PSM; Bras. “Escore de propensão para pareamento”). Este método permite comparar o desempenho de um grupo afetado pela implantação de determinada política (grupo de tratamento) com outro grupo que não foi afetado pela política (grupo de controle). No caso desta pesquisa foram comparados beneficiários e nãobeneficiários do PRONAF nas variáveis “valor de investimento (R$/ano)”, “valor de produção (R$/ano)”, “valor de produção por trabalhador (R$/ano)” e “valor de produção por hectare (R$/ano). Os dados primários foram levantados mediante a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados a uma amostra intencional de agricultores familiares do município de Bonito. Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa mostram que o PRONAF não produziu os impactos esperados. Somente na variável “valor de investimento” o programa teve um impacto positivo, porém não significante. Em relação às demais variáveis o PRONAF teve um impacto negativo embora não significante. Os resultados desta pesquisa são condizentes com aqueles encontrados em outras avaliações e indicam que o PRONAF beneficia sobretudo os agricultores familiares mais capitalizados e integrados à agroindústria.The National Program for the Strengthening of Small-Farm Agriculture (PRONAF – Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar) is one of the most important public policies directed to small-farm agriculture. Attending about two million small-scale farmers per year, PRONAF contributes to the democratization of access to rural credit among a group of farmers that until then had remained on the margins of the financial system. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the PRONAF`s impact on small-farm agriculture in the municipality of Bonito, in the state of Pernambuco, by using the propensity score matching methodology (PSM). This method allows to compare the performance of a group affected by the implementation of a particular policy (treatment group) with another group that was not affected by the policy (control group). This research compared beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of PRONAF in the categories “investment”, “production” and “productivity”. The primary data were raised through semi-structured questionnaires applied to an intencional sample of small-scale farmers in the municipality of Bonito. The survey results show that PRONAF did not produce the expected impacts. Only in relation to the variable “investiment value”, the program had a positive impact, although not significant. Concerning the other variables the PRONAF had a negative but not significant impact. These results are consistent with those found in other reviews and indicate that the PRONAF primarily benefits those family farmers who are capitalized and integrated into agribusiness

Biotic Yield Losses in the Southern Amazon, Brazil: Making Use of Smartphone-Assisted Plant Disease Diagnosis Data

Pathogens and animal pests (P&A) are a major threat to global food security as they directly affect the quantity and quality of food. The Southern Amazon, Brazil’s largest domestic region for soybean, maize and cotton production, is particularly vulnerable to the outbreak of P&A due to its (sub)tropical climate and intensive farming systems. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of P&A and the related yield losses. Machine learning approaches for the automated recognition of plant diseases can help to overcome this research gap. The main objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) in classifying P&A, (2) map the spatial distribution of P&A in the Southern Amazon, and (3) quantify perceived yield and economic losses for the main soybean and maize P&A. The objectives were addressed by making use of data collected with the smartphone application Plantix. The core of the app’s functioning is the automated recognition of plant diseases via ConvNets. Data on expected yield losses were gathered through a short survey included in an “expert” version of the application, which was distributed among agronomists. Between 2016 and 2020, Plantix users collected approximately 78,000 georeferenced P&A images in the Southern Amazon. The study results indicate a high performance of the trained ConvNets in classifying 420 different crop-disease combinations. Spatial distribution maps and expert-based yield loss estimates indicate that maize rust, bacterial stalk rot and the fall armyworm are among the most severe maize P&A, whereas soybean is mainly affected by P&A like anthracnose, downy mildew, frogeye leaf spot, stink bugs and brown spot. Perceived soybean and maize yield losses amount to 12 and 16%, respectively, resulting in annual yield losses of approximately 3.75 million tonnes for each crop and economic losses of US$2 billion for both crops together. The high level of accuracy of the trained ConvNets, when paired with widespread use from following a citizen-science approach, results in a data source that will shed new light on yield loss estimates, e.g., for the analysis of yield gaps and the development of measures to minimise them.Peer Reviewe

THE C3PO PROJECT: A LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONCEPT FOR SMALL SATELLITES

C3PO aims to show that communications to LEO satellites using MRR based transceivers is feasible, and the project focuses on two experiments that will allow us to do this. Initial results have been obtained from the EAM modulators, a key component, and good progress is being made with the development and integration of other key technologies

A survey on the current status and future perspective of informed consent management in the MIRACUM consortium of the German Medical Informatics Initiative

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>The consent management is an essential component for supporting the implementation of consents and withdrawals and thus, the realisation of patient’s rights. In MIRACUM, one of the four consortia of the Medical Informatics Initiative (MII), ten university hospitals intend to integrate the generic Informed Consent Service® (gICS) in their Data Integration Center (DIC). To provide a tool that supports the local workflows of the MIRACUM sites, the gICS should be improved.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>We used three standardised questionnaires with 46 questions to elicit requirements from the ten sites. Each site answered the questions from the current and the desired future perspective. This made it possible to understand the individual processes at each site and it was possible to identify features and improvements that were generally necessary.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The results of the survey were classified according to their impact on the gICS. Feature requests of new functionalities, improvements of already implemented functionalities and conceptual support for implementing processes were identified. This is the basis for an improved gICS release to support the ten sites’ individual consent management processes.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>A release plan for the feature requests and improvements was coordinated with all sites. All sites have confirmed that the implementation of these features and enhancements will support their software-based consent management processes.</jats:p> </jats:sec&gt

Mutant (CCTG)n Expansion Causes Abnormal Expression of Zinc Finger Protein 9 (ZNF9) in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2

The mutation that underlies myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a (CCTG)n expansion in intron 1 of zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9). It has been suggested that ZNF9 is of no consequence for disease pathogenesis. We determined the expression levels of ZNF9 during muscle cell differentiation and in DM2 muscle by microarray profiling, real-time RT-PCR, splice variant analysis, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Our results show that in differentiating myoblasts, ZNF9 protein was localized primarily to the nucleus, whereas in mature muscle fibers, it was cytoplasmic and organized in sarcomeric striations at the Z-disk. In patients with DM2, ZNF9 was abnormally expressed. First, there was an overall reduction in both the mRNA and protein levels. Second, the subcellular localization of the ZNF9 protein was somewhat less cytoplasmic and more membrane-bound. Third, our splice variant analysis revealed retention of intron 3 in an aberrant isoform, and fourth quantitative allele-specific expression analysis showed the persistence of intron 1 sequences from the abnormal allele, further suggesting that the mutant allele is incompletely spliced. Thus, the decrease in total expression appears to be due to impaired splicing of the mutant transcript. Our data indicate that ZNF9 expression in DM2 patients is altered at multiple levels. Although toxic RNA effects likely explain overlapping phenotypic manifestations between DM1 and DM2, abnormal ZNF9 levels in DM2 may account for the differences in DM1

White Paper - Verbesserung des Record Linkage für die Gesundheitsforschung in Deutschland

Die personenbezogene Verknüpfung von unterschiedlichen, gesundheitsbezogenen Daten mit dem Ziel einen Forschungsdatensatz zu erstellen, wird als Record Linkage bezeichnet. Diese Daten zu einer Person können bei voneinander getrennten Datenhaltern vorliegen. Auf diese Weise lassen sich wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen beantworten, die wegen des beschränkten Variablenumfangs mit einer Datenquelle alleine nicht zu beantworten wären. Diese verknüpften Daten entfalten ein riesiges Potential für die Gesundheitsforschung, um Prävention, Therapie und Versorgung der Bevölkerung zu verbessern. Da es sich dabei um sensible Daten handelt, gelten strenge Rechtsvorschriften um vor potenziellen Missbrauch zu schützen. Die derzeitigen rechtlichen Gegebenheiten schränken allerdings die Nutzung der Gesundheitsdaten für die Forschung so stark ein, dass ihr Potenzial für eine Verbesserung von Prävention und Versorgung bisher nicht ausgeschöpft werden kann. Record Linkage wird in Deutschland dadurch erschwert bzw. in vielen Fällen sogar unmöglich gemacht, dass es im Gegensatz zu Ländern keinen eindeutigen personenbezogenen Identifikator gibt, der eine Zusammenführung über verschiedene Datenkörper hinweg ermöglichen würde. Zudem sind in Deutschland interoperable Lösungen nicht vorhanden, um ein umfassendes studien- und datenkörperübergreifendes Record Linkage in einer gesicherten Umgebung durchführen zu können. Dem berechtigten Interesse auf Schutz der personenbezogenen Daten steht z. B. das Interesse entgegen, Risiken und Nutzen von Behandlungen zu erforschen und diese zur Verbesserung der gesundheitlichen Versorgung zu nutzen. Bei der Durchführung von Record Linkage-Projekten steht die Wissenschaft vor großen Herausforderungen. Oftmals wird von Datenhaltern oder Datenschützern für die Verknüpfung personenbezogener Daten die informierte Einwilligung der einzelnen Studienteilnehmenden gefordert, selbst wenn dies nicht erforderlich ist, z. B. weil klare gesetzliche Regelungen fehlen. Hinzu kommt eine unterschiedliche Auslegung der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen durch Datenschutzbehörden. Zweitens erlauben die Informationen der zu verknüpfenden Datenquellen oft keine exakte Verknüpfung. So ist die Datensatzverknüpfung nicht nur ein rechtliches, sondern auch eine methodische Herausforderung. Insgesamt ist festzuhalten, dass das Record Linkage für die Gesundheitsforschung in Deutschland gegenwärtig weit hinter den Standards anderer europäischer Länder hinterherhinkt. So müssen für jeden Anwendungsfall und jedes Record Linkage-Projekt einzelfallspezifische Lösungen entwickelt, geprüft, ggf. modifiziert und – falls positiv beschieden – umgesetzt werden. Die Limitationen und Möglichkeiten dieser unterschiedlichen und spezifisch auf verschiedene Anwendungsfelder zugeschnittenen Ansätze werden diskutiert und es werden die Voraussetzungen beschrieben, die erfüllt sein müssen, um einen forschungsfreundlicheren Ansatz für die personenbezogene Datensatzverknüpfung zwischen verschiedenen Datenquellen in Deutschland zu erreichen. Dabei werden auch entsprechende Empfehlungen an den Gesetzgeber formuliert. Das White Paper soll die Grundlage für eine Verbesserung des Record Linkage für die Gesundheitsforschung in Deutschland schaffen. Es zielt darauf ab, praktikable Lösungen für die personenbezogene Datensatzverknüpfung von unterschiedlichen Datenquellen anzubieten, die im Einklang mit der europäischen Datenschutzgrundverordnung stehen