Efecto de la infusión de CO2 en el colon en la tolerancia de la colonoscopia

Con objeto de analizar si la colonoscopia con infusión de CO2 provoca menos dolor que con la infusión convencional de aire ambiente, se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo, doble ciego y aleatorizado con 93 pacientes distribuidos en 2 grupos (48 colonoscopias con CO2 y 45 con aire) con similares características epidemiológicas (edad, sexo, tabaquismo…). Se ha observado que la infusión de CO2 durante la colonoscopia causa significativamente menos dolor que la infusión de aire. Además, la colonoscopia con infusión de aire provoca mayor aumento del perímetro abdominal, aunque el dolor no se relacione claramente con el perímetro abdominal. Los pacientes cuya colonoscopia se realizó con CO2 no presentaron complicaciones respiratorias durante la sedación, sin registrarse apneas ni disminución de la saturación de oxigeno. En conclusión, la sustitución de la infusión de aire por CO2 en la práctica de la colonoscopia es segura y mejora la tolerancia a la exploración.A fi d'analitzar si la colonoscòpia amb infusió de CO2 provoca menys dolor que amb la infusió convencional d'aire ambient, s'ha realitzat un estudi prospectiu, doble cec i aleatoritzat amb 93 pacients distribuïts en 2 grups (48 colonoscòpies amb CO2 i 45 amb aire ) amb similars característiques epidemiològiques (edat, sexe, tabaquisme ...). S'ha observat que la infusió de CO2 durant la colonoscòpia causa significativament menys dolor que la infusió d'aire. A més, la colonoscòpia amb infusió d'aire provoca major augment del perímetre abdominal, encara que el dolor no es relacioni clarament amb el perímetre abdominal. Els pacients a qui la colonoscòpia es va realitzar amb CO2 no van presentar complicacions respiratòries durant la sedació, sense registrar apnees ni disminució de la saturació d'oxigen. En conclusió, la substitució de la infusió d'aire per CO2 en la pràctica de la colonoscòpia és segura i millora la tolerància a l'exploració

Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation

Cancer is the leading cause of death after liver transplantation (LT). This multicenter case–control nested study aimed to evaluate the effect of maintenance immunosuppres sion on post-LT malignancy. The eligible cohort included 2495 LT patacrolimus-based immunosuppression. After 13 922 person/years follow-up, 425 patients (19.7%) developed malignancy (cases) and were matched with 425 controls by propensity score based on age, gender, smoking habit, etiology of liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before LT. The independent predictors of post-LT malignancy were older age (HR = 1.06 [95% CI 1.05–1.07]; p < .001), male sex (HR = 1.50 [95% CI 1.14–1.99]), smoking habit (HR = 1.96 [95% CI 1.42–2.66]), and alcoholic liver disease (HR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.19–1.97]). In selected cases and controls (n = 850), the immunosuppression protocol was similar (p = .51). An increased cumulative exposure to tacrolimus (CET), calculated by the area under curve of trough concentrations, was the only immunosuppression-related predictor of post-LT malignancy after controlling for clinical features and baseline HCC (CET at 3 months p = .001 and CET at 12 months p = .004). This effect was consistent for de novo malignancy (after excluding HCC recurrence) and for internal neoplasms (after excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). Therefore, tacrolimus minimization, as monitored by CET, is the key to modulate immunosuppression in order to prevent cancer after LT

Cognitive decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Neuropathological substrate and genetic determinants

Cognitive impairment and behavioral changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are now recognized as part of the disease. Whether it is solely related to the extent of TDP-43 pathology is currently unclear. We aim to evaluate the influence of age, genetics, neuropathological features, and concomitant pathologies on cognitive impairment in ALS patients. We analyzed a postmortem series of 104 ALS patients and retrospectively reviewed clinical and neuropathological data. We assessed the burden and extent of concomitant pathologies, the role of APOE ε4 and mutations, and correlated these findings with cognitive status. We performed a logistic regression model to identify which pathologies are related to cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline was recorded in 38.5% of the subjects. Neuropathological features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) were found in 32.7%, explaining most, but not all, cases with cognitive impairment. Extent of TDP-43 pathology and the presence of hippocampal sclerosis were associated with cognitive impairment. Mutation carriers presented a higher burden of TDP-43 pathology and FTLD more frequently than sporadic cases. Most cases (89.4%) presented some degree of concomitant pathologies. The presence of concomitant pathologies was associated with older age at death. FTLD, but also Alzheimer's disease, were the predominant underlying pathologies explaining the cognitive impairment in ALS patients. In sum, FTLD explained the presence of cognitive decline in most but not all ALS cases, while other non-FTLD related findings can influence the cognitive status, particularly in older age groups

Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation

Cancer is the leading cause of death after liver transplantation (LT). This multicenter case–control nested study aimed to evaluate the effect of maintenance immunosuppression on post-LT malignancy. The eligible cohort included 2495 LT patients who received tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. After 13 922 person/years follow-up, 425 patients (19.7%) developed malignancy (cases) and were matched with 425 controls by propensity score based on age, gender, smoking habit, etiology of liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before LT. The independent predictors of post-LT malignancy were older age (HR = 1.06 [95% CI 1.05–1.07]; p < .001), male sex (HR = 1.50 [95% CI 1.14–1.99]), smoking habit (HR = 1.96 [95% CI 1.42–2.66]), and alcoholic liver disease (HR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.19–1.97]). In selected cases and controls (n = 850), the immunosuppression protocol was similar (p = .51). An increased cumulative exposure to tacrolimus (CET), calculated by the area under curve of trough concentrations, was the only immunosuppression-related predictor of post-LT malignancy after controlling for clinical features and baseline HCC (CET at 3 months p = .001 and CET at 12 months p = .004). This effect was consistent for de novo malignancy (after excluding HCC recurrence) and for internal neoplasms (after excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). Therefore, tacrolimus minimization, as monitored by CET, is the key to modulate immunosuppression in order to prevent cancer after LT

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to colonic fistula caused by a gossypiboma : Case report and literature review

Even in modern surgery, human mistakes cannot be totally avoided. Retained surgical items are among the most feared ones. Forgotten sponges inside patients can cause a wide range of complications due to the foreign body reaction, called gossypiboma. The incidence of gossypibomas in the literature is probably underreported due to its legal implications; however, we must know its consequences and highlight the importance of the prevention strategies. We present a case where only preventive measures would have avoided its fatal outcome. An 85-year-old male, previous left nephrectomy 12 years before, came to the emergency room with hematochezia and hemodynamic instability. An emergent angio-CT revealed a 12 cm mass due to a gossypiboma near the descending colon; the presence of air suggested an infection and/or fistulization to the bowel. It was decided not to perform invasive procedures, resulting in the patient's death. Gossypibomas can remain asymptomatic for years, being diagnosed when causing an obstruction, malabsorption, septic symptoms or even spontaneously. This may lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. In order to prevent it, different strategies have been described, with the objective to intensify surveillance. When diagnosed, laparotomy, laparoscopic and even endoscopic procedures have been performed successfully. We suggest putting all our efforts in identifying high risk patients and surgeries, training the OR team and enhancing protocols and checklists to minimize any preventable errors

Efecto de la infusión de CO2 en el colon en la tolerancia de la colonoscopia

Con objeto de analizar si la colonoscopia con infusión de CO2 provoca menos dolor que con la infusión convencional de aire ambiente, se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo, doble ciego y aleatorizado con 93 pacientes distribuidos en 2 grupos (48 colonoscopias con CO2 y 45 con aire) con similares características epidemiológicas (edad, sexo, tabaquismo…). Se ha observado que la infusión de CO2 durante la colonoscopia causa significativamente menos dolor que la infusión de aire. Además, la colonoscopia con infusión de aire provoca mayor aumento del perímetro abdominal, aunque el dolor no se relacione claramente con el perímetro abdominal. Los pacientes cuya colonoscopia se realizó con CO2 no presentaron complicaciones respiratorias durante la sedación, sin registrarse apneas ni disminución de la saturación de oxigeno. En conclusión, la sustitución de la infusión de aire por CO2 en la práctica de la colonoscopia es segura y mejora la tolerancia a la exploración.A fi d'analitzar si la colonoscòpia amb infusió de CO2 provoca menys dolor que amb la infusió convencional d'aire ambient, s'ha realitzat un estudi prospectiu, doble cec i aleatoritzat amb 93 pacients distribuïts en 2 grups (48 colonoscòpies amb CO2 i 45 amb aire ) amb similars característiques epidemiològiques (edat, sexe, tabaquisme ...). S'ha observat que la infusió de CO2 durant la colonoscòpia causa significativament menys dolor que la infusió d'aire. A més, la colonoscòpia amb infusió d'aire provoca major augment del perímetre abdominal, encara que el dolor no es relacioni clarament amb el perímetre abdominal. Els pacients a qui la colonoscòpia es va realitzar amb CO2 no van presentar complicacions respiratòries durant la sedació, sense registrar apnees ni disminució de la saturació d'oxigen. En conclusió, la substitució de la infusió d'aire per CO2 en la pràctica de la colonoscòpia és segura i millora la tolerància a l'exploració

Endoscopic vacuum therapy and early surgical closure after pelvic anastomotic leak: meta-analysis of bowel continuity rates

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) with or without early surgical closure (ESC) is considered an effective option in the management of pelvic anastomotic leakage. This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of EVT in terms of stoma reversal rate and the added value of ESC. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted in November 2021 to identify articles on EVT in adult patients with pelvic anastomotic leakage. The primary outcome was restored continuity rate. Following PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis was undertaken using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were included, accounting for 827 patients with leakage who underwent EVT. There was large heterogeneity between studies in design and reported outcomes, and a high risk of bias. The overall weighted mean restored continuity rate was 66.8 (95 per cent c.i. 58.8 to 73.9) per cent. In patients undergoing EVT with ESC, the calculated restored continuity rate was 82 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 50.1 to 95.4) as compared to 64.7 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 55.7 to 72.7) after EVT without ESC. The mean number of sponge exchanges was 4 (95 per cent c.i. 2.7 to 4.6) and 9.8 (95 per cent c.i. 7.3 to 12.3), respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed a restored continuity rate of 81 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 55.8 to 99.5) for benign disease, 69.0 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 57.3 to 78.7) for colorectal cancer, and 65 per cent (95 per cent c.i. 48.8 to 79.1) if neoadjuvant radiotherapy was given. CONCLUSION: EVT is associated with satisfactory stoma reversal rates that may be improved if it is combined with ESC

Information Asymmetry in Hospitals: Evidence of the Lack of Cost Awareness in Clinicians

Background: Information asymmetries and the agency relationship are two defining features of the healthcare system. These market failures are often used as a rationale for government intervention. Many countries have government financing and provision of healthcare in order to correct for this, while health technology agencies also exist to improve efficiency. However, informational asymmetries and the resulting principal-agent problem still persist, and one example is the lack of cost awareness amongst clinicians. This study explores the cost awareness of clinicians across different settings. / Methods: We targeted four clinical cohorts: medical students, Senior House Officers/Interns, Mid-grade Senior Registrar/Residents, and Consultant/Attending Physicians, in six hospitals in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Spain. The survey asked respondents to report the cost (as they recalled) of different types of scans, visits, medications and tests. Our analysis focused on the differential between the perceived/recalled cost and the actual cost. We explored variation across speciality, country and other potential confounders. Cost-awareness levels were estimated based on the cost estimates within 25% of the actual cost. / Results: We received 705 complete responses from six sites across five countries. Our analysis found that respondents often overestimated the cost of common tests while underestimating high-cost tests. The mean cost-awareness levels varied between 4 and 23% for different items. Respondents acknowledged that they did not feel they had received adequate training in cost awareness. / Discussion: The current financial climate means that cost awareness and the appropriate use of scarce healthcare resources is more paramount than perhaps ever before. Much of the focus of health economics research is on high-cost innovative technologies, yet there is considerable waste in the system with respect to overtreatment and overdiagnosis. Common reasons put forward for this include defensive medicine, poor education, clinical uncertainty and the institution of protocols. / Conclusion: Given the role of clinicians in the healthcare system, as agents both for patients and for providers, more needs to be done to remove informational asymmetries and improve clinician cost awareness