Selective Light-Triggered Release of DNA from Gold Nanorods Switches Blood Clotting On and Off

Blood clotting is a precise cascade engineered to form a clot with temporal and spatial control. Current control of blood clotting is achieved predominantly by anticoagulants and thus inherently one-sided. Here we use a pair of nanorods (NRs) to provide a two-way switch for the blood clotting cascade by utilizing their ability to selectively release species on their surface under two different laser excitations. We selectively trigger release of a thrombin binding aptamer from one nanorod, inhibiting blood clotting and resulting in increased clotting time. We then release the complementary DNA as an antidote from the other NR, reversing the effect of the aptamer and restoring blood clotting. Thus, the nanorod pair acts as an on/off switch. One challenge for nanobiotechnology is the bio-nano interface, where coronas of weakly adsorbed proteins can obscure biomolecular function. We exploit these adsorbed proteins to increase aptamer and antidote loading on the nanorods.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMR #0906838

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Tailoring Carbon Nanotubes Properties for Gene Delivery Applications

La teràpia gènica s’està convertit en una tècnica innovadora per tal de curar una malaltia mitjançant la inserció de gens dins les cèl•lules i òrgans d’un individu. El repte recau en l’alliberació eficient I segura de l’àcid nucleic terapèutic a les cèl•lules i òrgans objectiu. De tots els vectors sintètics desenvolupats recentment, els nanotubs de carboni són una elecció interessant que ja ha demostrat prometre considerablement com a sistema alliberació, gràcies a la seva proporció amplada-alçada i la seva capacitat de traspassar la membrana cel•lular. El problema que sorgeix és la seva limitada solubilització i l’agregació espontània in vivo. Amb l’objectiu de desenvolupar nous dissenys basats en nanotubs de carboni per a la formació de complexos capaços de transfectar ADN a les cèl•lules, amb un a bon registre de biocompatibilitat i viabilitat cel•lular, s’han desenvolupat diferents estratègies. En primer lloc, s’ha optimitzat la funcionalització covalent dels nanotubs per mitjà de tècniques de plasma. Aquest tipus de modificació permet aconseguir tan superfícies altament reactives capaces d’unir ADN a través d’una molècula enllaçant, com superfícies carregades positivament que permeten l’envolcall de l’àcid nucleic per interacció electrostàtica. En segon lloc, s’ha avaluat la dispersió de nanotubs de diferents mides per mitjà d’un agent estabilitzant incloent un surfactant, un polímer amfifílic i proteïnes. Aquesta naturalesa química de la superfície del nanotub, juntament amb altres propietats físiques com ara l’allargada o el diàmetre, té un efecte directe en la dispersibilitat, citotoxicitat i biodistribució d’aquest sistemes. L’ús de proteïnes per functionalitzar nanopartícules és encoratjador ja que forma la corona de proteïna a la seva superfície. Tals conjugats mostren una elevada capacitat de carregar ADN i permeten la regulació de la seva alliberació mitjançant la manipulació de la composició de la corona.La terapia génica se está convirtiendo en una técnica innovadora para curar enfermedades mediante la inserción de genes dentro de las células y órganos de un individuo. El reto recae en la liberación eficiente y segura de un acido nucleico terapéutico a los órganos objectivo. De todos los vectores sintéticos desarrollados recientemente, los nanotubos de carbono son una elección interesante que ya ha demostrado prometer considerablemente como sistema de liberación gracias a su proporción anchura-altura y su capacidad de traspasar la membrana celular. El problema que surge es su limitada solubilización i la agregación espontanea in vivo. Con el objetivo de desarrollar nuevos diseños basados en nanotubos de carbono para la formación de complejos capaces te transfectar ADN a las células, con un buen registro de biocompatibilidad y viabilidad celular, se han desarrollado diferentes estrategias. En primer lugar, se ha optimizado la funcionalización covalente de los nanotubos por medio de técnicas de plasma. Este tipo de modificación permite conseguir tanto superficies altamente reactivas capaces de unir ADN a traves de una molécula enlazante, como cargadas positivamente que permiten el envoltorio del acido nucleico por interacción electrostática. En segundo lugar, se han evaluado la dispersión de nanotubos de medidas diferentes por mediado de un agente estabilizante que incluye un surfactante un polímero amfifílico y proteínas. Esta naturaleza química de la superficie del nanotubo, junto con otras propiedades físicas como su longitud o diámetro, tiene un efecto directo en la dispersibilidad, citotoxicidad y biodistribución de estos sitemas. El uso de proteínas para funcionalizar nanopartículas es alentador ya que forma la corona de proteínas en su superficie. Dichos compuestos muestran una elevada capacidad de cargar ADN y permiten la regulación de su liberación mediante la manipulación de la composición de la corona.Gene therapy has become an increasing innovative technique to treat disease by the insertion of genes into individual’s cells and tissues. The challenge is to efficiently and safely deliver the therapeutic nucleic acid into the target cells and organs. Among the synthetic vectors recently developed, carbon nanotubes are an interesting choice as they have already demonstrated considerable promise as delivery systems due to their high aspect ratio and their capacity to translocate the cell membrane. The problem that arises is their limited solubilization and spontaneous aggregation in vivo. Aiming to engineer new carbon nanotube-based designs for the formation of complexes able to transfect DNA/RNA to cells with a good track of biocompatibility and cell viability, different strategies have been developed. Firstly, the covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes by plasma techniques has been optimized. This type of modification allows to either achieving highly reactive surfaces able to covalently bind DNA towards a chemical linker or a positively charged nanotube surface enabling the wrapping of the nucleic acid by electrostatic interaction. Secondly, the dispersion of the differently-sized carbon nanotubes by means of a stabilizing agent including a surfactant, an amphiphilic polymer and proteins has been assessed. The chemical nature of the modifying moieties on the carbon nanotube, alongside to other physical properties such as length or diameter, has a direct effect on the dispersibility, cytotoxicity and biodistribution of these systems. The use of proteins in the nanoparticle functionalization is encouraging due to the formation of the protein corona on its surface. Such complex exhibits high DNA load capacities and allows a tunable payload release by manipulating the corona compositio

Precision nanomedicines for prostate cancer

Editorial. Published online: 27 February 2018Anna Cifuentes-Rius, Lisa M Butler and Nicolas H Voelcke

In vivo fate of carbon nanotubes with different physicochemical properties for gene delivery applications

Gene therapy has arisen as a pioneering technique to treat diseases by direct employment of nucleic acids as medicine. The major historical problem is to develop efficient and safe systems for the delivery of therapeutic genes into the target cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have demonstrated considerable promise as delivery vectors due to their (i) high aspect ratio and (ii) capacity to translocate through plasma membranes, known as the nanoneedle effect. To leverage these advantages, close attention needs to be paid to the physicochemical characteristics of the CNTs used. CNTs with different diameters (thinner and thicker) were treated by chemical oxidation to produce shorter fragments. Rigid (thick) and flexible (thin) CNTs, and their shortened versions, were coated with polyallylamine (ppAA) by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The ppAA coating leads to a positively charged CNT surface that is able to electrostatically bind the green fluorescent protein plasmid reporter. This study shows how rigidity and length can affect their (i) behavior in biological media, (ii) ability to transfect in vitro, and (iii) biodistribution in vivo. This study also generates a set of basic design rules for the development of more efficient CNT-based gene-delivery vectors

Gold-Decorated Porous Silicon Nanopillars for Targeted Hyperthermal Treatment of Bacterial Infections

In order to address the issue of pathogenic bacterial colonization of diabetic wounds, a more direct and robust approach is required, which relies on a physical form of bacterial destruction in addition to the conventional biochemical approach (i.e., antibiotics). Targeted bacterial destruction through the use of photothermally active nanomaterials has recently come into the spotlight as a viable approach to solving the rising problem of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Materials with high absorption coefficients in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum show promise as alternative antibacterial therapeutic agents, since they preclude the development of bacterial resistance and can be activated on demand. Here were report on a novel approach for the fabrication of gold nanoparticle decorated porous silicon nanopillars with tunable geometry that demonstrate excellent photothermal conversion properties when irradiated with a 808 nm laser. These photothermal antibacterial properties are demonstrated <i>in vitro</i> against the Gram-positive bacteria <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). Results show a reduction in bacterial viability of up to 99% after 10 min of laser irradiation. We also show an increase in antibacterial performance after modifying the nanopillars with <i>S. aureus</i> targeting antibodies causing up to a 10-fold increase in bactericidal efficiency compared to <i>E. coli</i>. In contrast, the nanomaterial resulted in minimal disruption of metabolic processes in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) after an equivalent period of irradiation

Porous Silicon Nanodiscs for Targeted Drug Delivery

International audienc