Gränslöst arbete - en studie om hur unga akademiker uppfattar sitt arbete

Möjligheterna och friheten att styra över sitt arbete i form av tid och rum kan uppfattas som lockande och positiva. Det gränslösa arbetet har också en annan sida, svårigheterna att själv avgöra när, var och hur mycket som ska arbetas. Denna studie syftar till att bättre förstå hur unga akademiker som arbetar inom ett arbete som kan definieras som gränslöst, uppfattar sitt gränslösa arbete. I studien intervjuas fyra unga personer under 30 år om hur de uppfattar sitt gränslösa arbete. Resultaten presenteras och analyseras sedan uppdelade i fyra teman: distansarbete, tillgänglighet, sociala relationer och inställning till gränslöst arbete. Analysen utgår teoretiskt från tidigare forskning utförd av Trygg och Allvin, samt från sociologiska teorier om betydelsen av sociala relationer, kollektivets betydelse samt skammens funktion vid normbildning. Resultaten från denna studie visar i likhet med tidigare forskning att den sociala interaktionen på arbetsplatsen påverkar hur och var arbetet utförs samt att arbetstiden utvidgats då många anställda vill vara och är uppkopplade och håller sig uppdaterade efter arbetstid. Även om det gränslösa arbetet innebär generellt fler arbetade timmar så är upplevelsen av arbetet, dess villkor och dess arbetstimmar annorlunda hos intervjupersonerna jämfört med tidigare forskning då den upplevda stressen och obalansen mellan arbete och fritid är lägre

"Jag tror att det är ärftligt och att det är biologiskt.. och så tror jag att det är.. eller ja.. jag tror att det är biologiskt". Konstruktionen av ADHD och DAMP i skolans och vetenskapens värld

The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding of the diagnoses ADHD and DAMP within different professional categories in the educational system, how it is being addressed and how this affect their work with children diagnosed with ADHD or DAMP. We also wanted to shed some light on the debate between Kärfve and Gillberg, about whether the diagnoses of ADHD and DAMP are social constructed problems or biological and genetic disorders. More specifically, our study was of a qualitative nature and consisted of interviews with seven persons working in six different professions within the educational system. The respondents all worked in school environments but with varied roles and thus varied experience of children with ADHD/DAMP. The interviews and literature studies revealed the complexity of ADHD and DAMP and also the diversity of the debate regarding the diagnoses. A major issue in this debate concerns the multifaceted consequences of the diagnoses. The diagnoses are described as on one hand necessary for the child's healthy development and on the other as a negative label imposed on the child; since a diagnosis could lead to problems in interaction with other children or self-destructive behaviour. We analysed our data from the perspective of the professions and by using the social constructivism theory. The conclusion of our analysis is that the social context and the socialisation into a profession controls how the professionals perform their work. Since all the respondents except one lacked a formal education about ADHD and DAMP, their knowledge of the diagnoses came from social interactions with colleagues and through self-education. This means that the level of knowledge about ADHD and DAMP depends on the social context which leads to the conclusion that the practice of the profession also might be socially constructed. In the debate Kärfve believes that children are labelled with these diagnoses since they behave differently and don't fit in. Gillberg means that the diagnoses depends on brain damage or hereditary. Among our respondents all but one meant that ADHD/DAMP is a biological and genetic disorder, but when they explained the diagnoses they used social circumstances to explain why they believed that the diagnoses are biological

Rapid effects of progesterone on ciliary beat frequency in the mouse fallopian tube

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The physiological regulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) within the fallopian tube is important for controlling the transport of gametes and the fertilized ovum. Progesterone influences gamete transport in the fallopian tube of several mammalian species. In fallopian tubes isolated from cows, treatment with 20 micromolar progesterone caused a rapid reduction of the tubal CBF. The aims of this study were to establish methodology for studying fallopian tube CBF in the mouse, as it is an important model species, and to investigate if progesterone rapidly affects the CBF of mice at nM concentrations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A method to assess tubal CBF of mice was developed. Fallopian tubes were dissected and the tissue was cut in small pieces. Tissue samples with moving cilia were located under an inverted bright field microscope and held still against the bottom of a petri dish by a motorized needle system. Images were acquired over 90 minutes at 35 degrees C with a high-speed camera and used for assessing changes in the CBF in response to the addition of hormone.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The baseline CBF of the mouse fallopian tube was 23.3 +/- 3.8 Hz. The CBF was stable over at least 90 minutes allowing establishment of a baseline frequency, addition of hormone and subsequent recordings. Progesterone at concentrations of 20 micromolar and 100 nM significantly reduced the CBF by 10% and 15% respectively after 30 minutes compared with controls.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The present study demonstrates that the mouse, despite its small size, is a useful model for studying the fallopian tube CBF ex vivo. The rapid reduction in CBF by 100 nM progesterone suggests that gamete transport in the fallopian tube could be mediated by progesterone via a non-genomic receptor mechanism.</p

S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of the present work was to explore signal transduction pathways used in the regulation of S100A7 (psoriasin). Members of the S100 gene family participate in many important cellular functions. Psoriasin, S100A8 (calgranulin A) and S100A9 (calgranulin B) are expressed in ductal carcinoma <it>in situ </it>(DCIS), as well as in the hyperproliferative skin disease, psoriasis. In the latter condition, a disturbance in the STAT pathway has recently been reported. This pathway is implicated in the regulation of IFN-gamma, widely recognized as a key cytokine in psoriasis. IFN-gamma also exerts anti-tumor action in a number of tumor cell types, including breast cancer. We therefore examined the effect of IFN-gamma and STAT-signaling on the psoriasin expression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We established a TAC2 mouse mammary epithelial cell line with tetracycline-inducible psoriasin expression (Tet-Off). Viability in cell culture was estimated using MTS assay. Protein and gene expression were evaluated by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analyses were assessed using a one-tailed, paired t-test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report the downregulation of psoriasin by IFN-gamma in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line, as well as the downregulation of psoriasin induced by anoikis in cell lines derived from different epithelial tissues. In contrast, IFN-gamma had no suppressive effect on calgranulin A or calgranulin B. IFN-gamma is an important activator of the STAT1 pathway and we confirmed an active signaling pathway in the cell lines that responded to IFN-gamma treatment. In contrast, in the SUM190 breast carcinoma cell line, IFN-gamma did not suppress the expression of endogenous psoriasin. Moreover, a reduced phosphorylation of the STAT1 protein was observed. We showed that IFN-gamma treatment and the inhibition of the transcription factor NFkappaB had a synergistic effect on psoriasin levels. Finally, in TAC2 cells with tetracycline-induced psoriasin expression, we observed the increased viability of psoriasin-expressing cells after IFN-gamma treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data support the possibility that psoriasin expression is transcriptionally suppressed by IFN-gamma and that this effect is likely to be mediated by the activation of the STAT1 signaling pathway. The increased viability of psoriasin-expressing cells after IFN-gamma exposure suggests that psoriasin expression leads to the development of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype.</p

Anmälningsskyldigheten inom skolan när barn far illa. En rättssociologisk studie om förhållandet mellan riktlinjer och professionella normer inom skolan

The Swedish Social Services Act states that certain authorities and their staff have a duty to immediately report to the Social Services if, in the course of their work, they have reason to suspect a child is in need of the protection of the Social Services. The purpose of this study was to examine some of the professional norms within the municipal school when it comes to the duty to report. The study also discusses how the guidelines of the National Board of Education and National Board of Health and Welfare regarding the duty to report relate to each other and how the Social Services Act relates to the professional norms in the educational system. In order to define the professional norms, I used an explanation model of norms where they are divided in what you should do and what you actually do. The study is of a qualitative nature and performed in a medium municipality (approximately 130 000 inhabitants) in southern Sweden. It consisted of interviews with four school professionals and one professional from the Social Services. As a complement, I sent out four fictitious case histories for the respondents to consider. The interviews and research studies shows that the National Board of Education does not have guidelines for the duty to report which makes it impossible to compare any guidelines. The National Board of Education instead refers to the guidelines of the National Board of Health and Welfare. The study identifies several professional norms within the school. Since the law is very brief, only one of the professional norms can be related to the actual law. Other identified norms have to be discussed on the basis of the guidelines and recommendations of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Most of the identified professional norms within the school are similar to each other and match the guidelines more or less

S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/7/205</p><p>BMC Cancer 2007;7():205-205.</p><p>Published online 6 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2180183.</p><p></p>on with dnIkkβ-virus in MCF10A cells. Neither infection with the different adenoviruses nor the IFN-gamma had any effect on the protein levels of pro-caspase-3. The function of the virus was verified by the accumulation of the IκBα protein. Tubulin assesses equal loading. C control

S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/7/205</p><p>BMC Cancer 2007;7():205-205.</p><p>Published online 6 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2180183.</p><p></p> reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA level of psoriasin was downregulated in response to IFN-gamma in MCF10A cells () and in MDA-MB-468 cells (). Expression data for psoriasin are presented as ratios, in which the expression data are normalized to an endogenous control (β-actin). Values obtained in control cells were designed as 1 and values obtained from IFN-gamma treated cells were normalized to this from the same run. The data are presented as the mean of three different runs

S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/7/205</p><p>BMC Cancer 2007;7():205-205.</p><p>Published online 6 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2180183.</p><p></p>00 u or 1000 u of IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma treatment had no effect on the protein levels of pro-caspase-3. Calgranulin B and calgranulin A () are not influenced by the IFN-gamma treatment. Equal amounts of protein lysate were loaded on the gel. , Treatment with 75 μM HOfor one hour followed by culture for 48 h in regular medium induces the expression of calgranulin A in MCF10A cells. 100 μg of protein lysate were loaded on the gel. , MDA-MB-468 cells with the endogenous expression of psoriasin show the time-dependent repression of psoriasin expression when treated 24, 48 and 72 hours with 1000 u of IFN-gamma. Equal amounts of protein lysate were loaded on the gel. Probing with tubulin/GAPDH assesses the equal loading of the samples. C = cells cultured in monolayer

S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/7/205</p><p>BMC Cancer 2007;7():205-205.</p><p>Published online 6 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2180183.</p><p></p>MTS-assay on days 3 and 7 and the IFN-gamma/control quotient is demonstrated. Treatment with IFN-gamma produced a 59.5% (day 3) and 32% (day 7) reduction in viability as compared to control cells. The assay was performed in duplicate