Examining adult-onset offending: a case for adult cautioning

This paper argues that extending formal police cautioning to include first-time, less serious adult-onset offenders is a cost-effective strategy that would enable scarce criminal justice resources to be redirected to provide evidence-based interventions for more serious and prolific offenders who present an ongoing risk of offending. Foreword Very little is known about adult-onset offenders. This makes it difficult to know the most effective way for the criminal justice system to respond to these offenders. This project examined the nature of adult-onset offending in the 1983–84 Queensland Longitudinal Data Cohort and explored whether adult cautioning may be a suitable and cost-effective alternative to current court processing. Half of all offenders in this cohort started offending in adulthood (between 18 and 25 years), however, most adult-onset offenders had just one or two relatively less serious officially recorded offences. The authors argue that extending formal police cautioning to include first-time, less serious adult-onset offenders is a cost-effective strategy that would enable scarce criminal justice resources to be redirected to provide evidence-based interventions for more serious and prolific offenders who present an ongoing risk of offending

Simultaneous analysis of 10 trihalomethanes at nanogram per liter levels in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry

Trihalomethanes are predominantly formed during disinfection of water via reactions of the oxidant with natural organic matter. Even though chlorinated and brominated trihalomethanes are the most widespread organic contaminants in drinking water, when iodide is present in raw water iodinated trihalomethanes can also be formed. The formation of iodinated trihalomethanes can lead to taste and odor problems and is a potential health concern since they have been reported to be more toxic than their brominated or chlorinated analogs. Currently, there is no published standard analytical method for I-THMs in water. The analysis of 10 trihalomethanes in water samples in a single run is challenging because the iodinated trihalomethanes are found at very low concentrations (ng/L range), while the regulated chlorinated and brominated trihalomethanes are present at much higher concentrations (above μg/L). An automated headspace solid-phase microextraction technique, with a programmed temperature vaporizer inlet coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was developed for routine analysis of 10 trihalomethanes i.e. bromo-, chloro- and iodo-trihalomethanes in water samples. The carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber was found to be the most suitable. The optimization, linearity range, accuracy and precision of the method are discussed. The limits of detection range from 1 ng/L to 20 ng/L for iodoform and chloroform, respectively. Matrix effects in treated groundwater, surfacewater, seawater, and secondary wastewater were investigated and it was shown that the method is suitable for the analysis of trace levels of iodinated trihalomethanes in a wide range of waters.The method developed in the present study has the advantage of being rapid, simple and sensitive. A survey conducted throughout various process stages in an advanced water recycling plant showed the presence of iodinated trihalomethanes at ng/L levels

Managing hybrid methods for integration and combination of data

This chapter looks at how monitoring can combine data from multiple sources, including basic observations coupled with auxiliary information and the use of reference data for classification and modelling. A vital component of monitoring research is to be able to combine and synthesize data in a systematic, transparent way that can integrate social and environmental factors and show how these reflect, overlap with, correlate to, and influence each other. Data types and relevant analytical methods are briefly discussed, as well as aspects of classification and semantics, showing best practice in analysis and some suitable methods for describing data properties such as data quality. Typical problems of incompleteness, lack of fit to semantic classes, thematic and geometric inaccuracy, and data redundancy are discussed, with a range of examples showing how these challenges can be met by identifying and filling gaps in datasets

Recovery and Growth Potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Temperature Abused Milkshakes Prepared from Naturally Contaminated Ice Cream Linked to a Listeriosis Outbreak

The recovery and growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated in three flavors of milkshakes (vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate) that were prepared from naturally contaminated ice cream linked to a listeriosis outbreak in the U.S. in 2015, and were subsequently held at room temperature for 14 hours. The average lag phase duration of L. monocytogenes was 9.05 h; the average generation time was 1.67 h; and the average level increase per sample at 14 h was 1.15 log CFU/g. Milkshake flavors did not significantly affect these parameters. The average lag phase duration of L. monocytogenes in milkshakes with initial contamination levels ≤ 3 CFU/g (9.50 h) was significantly longer (P 3 CFU/g (8.60 h). The results highlight the value of using samples that are contaminated with very low levels of L. monocytogenes for recovery and growth evaluations. The behavior of L. monocytogenes populations in milkshakes prepared from naturally contaminated ice cream linked to the listeriosis outbreak should be taken into account when performing risk based analysis using this outbreak as a case-study

Demands on monitoring

This chapter provides a short overview of the types of processes for reporting as well as legislation that governs why and how monitoring is undertaken and some of the ways in which stakeholders are involved at different levels. Because monitoring for the policy side is, by default, mandated monitoring, this type becomes the focus of this chapter, while noting that many policies and legislation may have been prompted by the results of question-driven monitoring, pointing out areas of concern. In fact, the iterative process of monitoring, analysis, and reporting to a government that, in turn, changes the policies to better fit concerns or issues needing addressing can be seen as a co-development. Whereas the previous chapter illustrated what monitoring is, this chapter illustrates some of the demands on monitoring in legislation and policy, where they outline what monitoring is asked to contribute. The chapter reviews legislation on the global scene, on the community level of the European Union, and at national levels in the areas of water bodies and semi-aquatic, agricultural, urban, and forested semi-natural or natural landscapes

Impact of bromide and iodide during drinking water disinfection and potential treatment processes for their removal or mitigation

In this study, the impact of bromide and iodide on disinfected waters was examined and potential treatment technologies for their removal or mitigation were investigated. Distributed waters from two Western Australian drinking water sources were evaluated in terms of their bromide and iodide concentrations, disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, halogen-specific adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) formation and chlorinous odours after disinfection. In both systems, the brominated DBPs dominated the measured DBPs and, in both cases, the known DSPs accounted for only 30% of total organohalogens. Chloramination with a sufficient free chlorine contact time followed by ammonia addition, rather than preformed monochloramine, may be a viable mitigation strategy for the minimisation of I-OBPs, since exposure to free chlorine should promote the conversion of iodide to iodate, a safe form of iodine. This study has shown that bromide plays an important role in this process, mainly by enhancing the preferred conversion' of iodide to iodate. Ozone pre-treatment selectively oxidised iodide to iodate and minimised the formation of I-OB Ps. Complete conversion of iodide to iodate, while minimising the bromate formation to below the guideline value of 10 µg L-1 was achieved for a wide range of ozone concentrations in raw waters, including raw waters with high bromide concentrations

Fault-controlled fluid circulation and diagenesis along basin-bounding fault systems in rifts - Insights from the East Greenland rift system

In marine rift basins, deep-water clastics (>200 m) in the hanging wall of rift- or basin-bounding fault systems are commonly juxtaposed against crystalline “basement” rocks in the footwall. A distinct feature of such fault systems is therefore the juxtaposition of relatively highly permeable, unconsolidated sediments against relatively low-permeable basement rocks. Due to limited surface exposure of such fault zones, studies elucidating their structure and evolution are rare. Consequently, their impact on fluid circulation and diagenesis within and proximal to the fault zone as well as into the hanging wall strata are also poorly understood. Motivated by this, we here investigate a well-exposed strand of a major basin-bounding fault system in the East Greenland rift system, namely the Dombjerg Fault which bounds the Wollaston Forland Basin, northeast (NE) Greenland. Here, syn-rift deep-water clastics of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age are juxtaposed against Caledonian metamorphic basement. Previously, a ∼ 1 km wide zone of pervasive pore-filling calcite cementation of the hanging wall sediments along the Dombjerg Fault core was identified (Kristensen et al., 2016). In this study, based on U–Pb calcite dating, we show that cementation and formation of this cementation zone started during the rift climax in Berrisian–Valanginian times. Using clumped isotope analysis, we determined cement formation temperatures of ∼ 30–70 ∘C. The spread in the formation temperatures at similar formation age indicates variable heat flow of upward fluid circulation along the fault in the hanging wall sediments, which may root in permeability variations in the sediments. Calcite vein formation, postdating and affecting the cementation zone, clusters between ∼ 125 and 100 Ma in the post-rift stage, indicating that fracturing in the hanging wall is not directly related to the main phase of activity of the adjacent Dombjerg Fault. Vein formation temperatures at ∼ 30–80 ∘C are in a similar range as cement formation temperatures. Further, similar minor element concentrations of veins and adjacent cements indicate diffusional mass transfer into fractures, which in turn infers a subdued fluid circulation and low permeability of the fracture network. These results imply that the cementation zone formed a near-impermeable barrier soon after sediment deposition, and that low effective permeabilities were maintained in the cementation zone even after fracture formation, due to poor fracture connectivity. We argue that the existence of such a cementation zone should be considered in any assessments that target basin-bounding fault systems for, e.g., hydrocarbon, groundwater, geothermal energy, and carbon storage exploration. Our study highlights that the understanding of fluid flow properties as well as fault-controlled diagenesis affecting the fault itself and/or adjacent basinal clastics is of great fundamental and economic importance

Nationell flygbildsinventering av gräsmarker och lövskogar med hjälp av ortofoton, NILS 2020

Under 2020 pågick ett intensivt utvecklingsarbete inom alla delar av de nya gräsmarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna, på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket. För flygbildsinventeringen togs en ny metodik fram med grund i den mångåriga erfarenhet som finns vid avdelningen för landskapsanalys, Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning, SLU. I den här arbetsrapporten beskrivs arbetet som gjordes för att kunna genomföra en flygbildsinventering anpassad till de nya behov som finns i och med den stickprovsdesign, med två faser, som utvecklats och används i de nya inventeringarna. Det här är även en beskrivning av den metodik som användes inom flygbildsinventeringen för gräsmarks- och lövskogsinventeringarna 2020. Målen för inventeringarna var att inventera såväl ovanliga som vanliga naturtyper under samma paraply. Nyckeln till att det är möjligt är flygbildsinventeringen. Genom klassningar av provytor i flygbildsinventeringen kan fältinventeringen fokuseras till de naturtyper som ligger inom uppdraget från Naturvårdsverket. Klassningen inom flygbildsinventeringen gör det också möjligt att inventera ovanliga naturtyper i tätare stickprov och att anpassa stickprovstätheter utifrån regionala skillnader. Hur detta gjordes för flygbildsinventeringen 2020 beskrivs i den här arbetsrapporten. Under 2020 baserades flygbildsinventeringen framförallt på ortofoto. För att säkerställa att inventeringarna inkluderade alla provytor som potentiellt kunde innehålla en naturtyp av intresse för inventeringarna så tillämpades en princip om överklassning. Det är en statistiskt viktig princip som i praktiken innebar att provytor där marktypsklassningen var osäker gavs en aktuell klass för gräsmark- och/eller lövskogsinventeringen så att provytan gavs möjligheten att vidare väljas för fältbesök. För att försöka skilja på marktyper med olika potential för hög kvalitet användes en tidsserie av gamla ortofoton för att bedöma marktypens historiska kontinuitet i provytan. Även andra digitala skikt användes som stöd i flygbildsinventeringen