Correlation between 4D flow measures and LV volumes.

<p>Correlation between 4D flow measures and LV volumes.</p

The 4D flow components as proportions of total LV EDV (percent ± SD) in the three sub-groups stratified by LVEDVI.

<p>Non-ejecting volume is comprised of the Retained inflow (yellow) and Residual volume (red) flow components (yellow + red = orange). * P<0.05 vs Control group; † P<0.05 vs Lower LVEDVI group.</p

Correlation plots.

<p>A. Direct flow (DF) volume ratio (in relation to LVEDV) versus LVEDV index (LVEDVI). B. DF Kinetic energy (KE) ratio at ED versus LVEDVI. C. Non-ejecting (NE) volume ratio versus LVEDVI. D. NE KE ratio at ED versus LVEDVI.</p

4D flow components.

<p>A. Schematic of the routes of the four LV flow components; direct flow (green), retained inflow (yellow), delayed ejection flow (blue), and residual volume (red). A semitransparent grayscale three-chamber image provides morphological orientation. Circles indicate the approximate location of the center of mass of each component at the time of end-diastole. B. Particle trace pathlines indicate routes of direct flow (green) and retained inflow (yellow). Red dots indicate the positions of the residual volume pathlines at end-diastole. Non-ejected flow comprises the retained inflow and the residual volume. Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle.</p

Sub-analysis with patients stratified according to Late Gadolinium Enhancement test.

<p>Sub-analysis with patients stratified according to Late Gadolinium Enhancement test.</p

(A-B): MAC was defined as an echodense area visualized throughout systole and diastole, distinguishable from the posterior mitral valve leaflet, located anterior and parallel to the posterior left ventricular wall, seen here in the apical four chamber view during diastole (A) and systole (B).

<p>Abbreviations: Right Ventricle (RV), Left Ventricle (LV), Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC), Left Atrium (LA), Right Atrium (RA).</p

M-mode measurement of MAC in the parasternal long axis view.

<p>Abbreviations: Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC).</p

CAC EBCT of a subject with detectable CAC.

<p>Abbreviations: Coronary artery calcium (CAC), External beam computed tomography (EBCT).</p

Baseline Characteristics—Subjects with CAC vs. those without CAC.

<p>^§Wilcox Rank-Sum Comparison P value</p><p>^‡ Pearson’s χ² Comparison P value</p><p>Abbreviations: Interquartile Range (IQR), Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC), Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Myocardial Infarction (MI), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ribonucleic Acid Level (HIV RNA), Cluster of Differentiation 4 cells (CD4), Opportunistic Infection (OI), Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), Intravenous Drug-Use (IVDU), Hepatitis C Viral Infection (HCV), Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)</p><p>Baseline Characteristics—Subjects with CAC vs. those without CAC.</p

HIV-infected individuals with MAC have a higher median age- and gender-adjusted CAC percentile compared to those without MAC.

<p>Abbreviations: Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC), Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC), Interquartile Range (IQR).</p