Relating Maxwell's Demon and Quantitative Analysis of Information Leakage for Practical Imperative Programs

International audienceShannon observed the relation between information entropy and Maxwell demon experiment to come up with information entropy formula. After that, Shannon's entropy formula is widely used to measure information leakage in imperative programs. But in the present work, our aim is to go in a reverse direction and try to find possible Maxwell's demon experimental setup for contemporary practical imperative programs in which variations of Shannon's entropy formula has been applied to measure the information leakage. To establish the relation between the second principle of thermodynamics and quantitative analysis of information leakage, present work models contemporary variations of imperative programs in terms of Maxwell's demon experimental setup. In the present work five contemporary variations of imperative program related to information quantification are identified. They are: (1) information leakage in imperative program (2) imperative multithreaded program (3) point to point leakage in the imperative program (4) imperative program with infinite observation and (5) imperative program in the SOA-based environment. For these variations, minimal work required by an attacker to gain the secret is also calculated using historical Maxwell's demon experiment. To model the experimental setup of Maxwell's demon, non-interference security policy is used. In the present work, imperative programs with one-bit secret information have been considered to avoid the complexity. The findings of the present work from the history of physics can be utilized in many areas related to information flow of physical computing, nano-computing, quantum computing, biological computing, energy dissipation in computing and computing power analysis

Penerapan Sanitasi Hygiene Pada Pengolahan Bakso Udang Di KUB Rizki Sabena Kabupaten Aceh Singkil

KUB. Rizki Sabena merupakan salah satu unit pengolahan ikan yang terletak di Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Salah satu produk hasil olahannya yaitu bakso udang. Pada proses produksi bakso udang, sistem jaminan mutu merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam menghasilkan produk yang aman dan berkualitas. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam menjamin mutu produk yaitu dengan melakukan penerapkan sanitasi dan hygiene pada proses produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan sanitasi dan hygiene pada pengolahan bakso udang di KUB. Rizki Sabena Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahapan yaitu survei lokasi dan pengambilan data. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data primer. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara, partisipasi aktif dan observasi langsung dengan menggunakan tabel checklist meliputi personal hygiene dan perilaku penjamah, sanitasi dan hygiene bahan baku, sanitasi dan hygiene air dan es, sanitasi dan hygiene perlengkapan dan peralatan, sanitasi dan hygiene ruang pengolahan, sanitasi dan hygiene produk akhir serta sanitasi dan hygiene limbah. Hasil Penerapan sanitasi hygiene bakso udang di KUB. Rizki Sabena belum diterapkan sempurna. Komponen yang belum diterapkan diantaranya, penjamah tidak memakai hairnet dan alas kaki, pengecekan suhu pada bahan baku belum dilaksanakan, alat produksi berbahan dasar kayu masih digunakan, penggunaan disinfektan belum diterapkan, serta fasilitas pendingin ruangan dan pencegah hama belum tersedia

Analyzing the Students Strategies in Reading at Different Level of Competency

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (i) untuk menemukan jenis strategi apakah yang paling banyak digunakan oleh siswa. (ii) untuk menemukan strategi apakah yang paling banyak digunakan oleh kelompok pintar dan lemah. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah 28 siswa kelas tiga SMPN 2 Sungkai Utara. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah Kwesioner dan tes membaca. Hasil dari instrumen tersebut dianalisa melalui descriptive analysis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi metakognitif paling banyak digunakan. Terlebih lagi, baik kelompok pintar dan lemah menggunakan strategi metakognitif. Oleh karena itu, tidak ada perbedaan dalam strategi yang dipakai baik pada kelompok pintar dan lemah. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa lebih sering menggunakan strategi metakognitif.The aims of the research were (i) to find out what kind of strategy is mostly used by the students, and (ii) to find out what strategies do the good and poor students employ in reading. This research was descriptive study. The subjects of the research were 28 of third grade students in SMPN 2 Sungkai Utara. Reading test and Questionnaire were used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The result of the research showed that the metacognitive strategy is the most used by all students. Furthermore, both of the poor and good level students employ metacognitive strategy. This suggests that metacognitive is the most employed reading strategy by students.Keywords: students strategies, reading, level of competenc

The International Trading System

summary This article provides a brief overview of the achievements of UNCTAD over the last 25 years. It then examines in some detail the evolution of the world trading system, the role of multinational corporations within that system, and the trade related issues facing developing countries and the (former) centrally planned economies. The case for a multilateral trading system within an evolving GATT framework, rather than emergent new trading blocs with unilaterally and regionally based trading arrangements, is strongly advocated. Résumé Le Système de commerce international Cet article fournit un aperçu général des résultats d'UNCTAD durant les 25 dernières années Il examine aussi en détail l' évolution du système de commerce dans le monde le rôle des sociétés commerciales multinationales à l'intérieur de ce système et les problèmes liés au commerce auxquels font face les pays développés et les économies auparavant centralisées Il y a beaucoup à dire en faveur d'un système de commerce multilatéral à l'intérieur d'un cadre GATT élaboré plutôt que l'apparition de nouveaux blocs de commerce avec des arrangements commerciaux unilatéraux et régionaux Resume El sistema de comercio international Este artículo proporciona una breve revisión de los logros de la UNCTAD en los últimos 25 años. Luego examina con algún detalle la evolución del sistema de comercio mundial, el rol de las empresas multinacionales dentro del sistema y los problemas relativos al comercio enfrentados por los países en desarrollo y los que tuvieron economías centralmente planificadas. Se propicia vigorosamente el comercio multilateral dentro del marco evolutivo del GATT, antes que la emergencia de nuevos bloques comerciales con convenios de base unilateral o regional

Curzon and the Limits of Viceregal Power: India, 1899-1905

George Curzon was post-Mutiny India’s most imperialist, zealous and youngest Viceroy. From 1899-1905, he attempted to single-handedly implement a 12 point reform programme designed to optimise the efficiency of administration, eliciting fierce opposition and support from the divers other constituents of the Government of India. This thesis examines two basic, intersecting themes that defined the course of George Curzon’s Viceroyalty of India: executive power and the checks upon it. It analyses the degree to which the major constituent components of the Government of India successfully delineated and fenced in the boundaries of Viceregal power by their own, and the extent to which they collaborated with each other to do so, with reference to internal administration. The clashes over polity in the seats of power had roots in the past intimacies of the dramatis personae; impressions gained at Eton were carried over, and influenced relationships in Whitehall. Cross-disciplinary theories of power are used to explain Curzon’s relations with his provincial governors in Madras and Bombay Presidencies, the United Provinces and Punjab, and the Indian Army, the senior Indian Civil Service, the Viceroy’s Council, the nascent Indian National Congress and public opinion in India, the British Cabinet, the India Office, the Secretary of State and the Council of India in London. The factors that helped and hindered Curzon in his quest to integrate these disparate elements into an efficient administrative framework run along the lines he wished provide clarity to the ambiguities present in official motives and actions. Underpinning the thesis as a secondary theme are Curzon’s relations with Lord Ampthill, his longest serving Governor (in Madras) and locum in 1904, which illustrate the evolution of a relationship that started off in expected acrimony, but evolved into a partnership of mutual respect and administrative collaboration

BIOACTIVITY GUIDED FRACTIONATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ACACIA NILOTICA PODS

Objective: The present study aims at screening the methanol extract and the tannin fraction of the pods of Acacia nilotica for anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: The methanol extract and its tannin fraction were evaluated for acute toxicity using rats as per the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. They were found to be safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and its fraction was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method for determining the acute phase of inflammation. The activity against sub-acute inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma pouch method. Diclofenac sodium was used as the reference drug.Results: The results of pharmacological screening indicated the methanol extract to possess statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity at 100 mg/kg dose. The tannin fraction of methanol extract was found to be more potent than the methanol extract with maximum response at 25 mg/kg dose.Conclusion: The methanol extract and tannin fraction of pods of Acacia nilotica possess significant anti-inflammatory activity the latter one being more potent.Â

Development of a Web Application for Continuous Analysis of Many Cameras (CAM2)

There are tens of thousands of web cameras located around the world and publicly available on the Internet. The images captured by these cameras contain data relating to our living environment such as traffic patterns, weather and crowd movement. Researchers can capture this data using image analysis techniques on the video and image from these cameras. However, there is a lack of a single, unified repository of all the public cameras on the Internet; this, coupled with the computational demands of image analysis means there is a need for a tool to help researchers perform large-scale image analyis on many cameras. Continuous Analysis of Many Cameras (CAM2) is a framework that enables researchers to execute image analysis programs on many web camera image data on a large scale. Users can choose from a database of more than 70,000 cameras worldwide, and its custom application programming interface (API) enables users to upload their own image analysis programs for the system to execute. This paper will detail the structure and use of the CAM2 system through its website, and discuss updates to the system introduced in the July 2015 Alpha 1.4 release. These changes have improved stability and usability of the system, making CAM2 a more effective tool for researchers

The unstable coastline: navigating dispossession and belonging in Colombo

This article explores how residents of a small coastal fishing enclave in Colombo live with cumulative waves of dispossession brought on by exclusionary projects of urban development. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I introduce the analytic of navigation to describe how people move, plan and live with both present and future threats of dispossession. Navigation offers a unique perspective on questions of agency and resistance in oppressive conditions. Rather than framing subjects as “resisting” projects of world-class city-making, this analysis shows that urban residents instead engage in complex and occasionally contradictory modes of living with uncertainty. I complicate existing understandings of the term “navigation” by describing how questions of nation and belonging are crucial to comprehending how people navigate. Ultimately, I suggest that expressions of belonging and obligation to an imagined community might not only be strategic, but instead reflect some of the broader social forces which structure possibilities for action

Relative Biological Effectiveness Studies Using 3 MeV Proton Beam from Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Proton being the easiest light ion to accelerate and achieve desired beam profile, has been pursued as a popular particulate radiation for therapy applications. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain was used to estimate the RBE values of the 3 MeV proton beam, and an attempt was made to derive mathematical formula for calculating RBE value with respect to the dose. Dosimetry studies were carried out using Fricke dosimetry and Semiconductor Surface Barrier detector to calibrate the absorbed doses of Gamma chamber-1200 and Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator respectively. Gold standard cell survival assay and gene conversion assay were used to compare gamma and proton radiation induced cell death and genetic endpoint. Multi target single hit model was used to derive mathematical formula for RBE estimation. The results show a linear survival-dose response after proton radiation and sigmoid survival-dose response after gamma radiation treatment. The calculated RBE value from the survival and gene conversion studies was 1.60 and 3.93, respectively. The derived mathematical formula is very useful in calculating RBE value, which varies from 3.61 to 1.80 with increasing dose. The estimated RBE value from the mathematical formula is comparable with the experimental values. With the help of the present mathematical formulation, RBE value at any dose can be calculated in the exponential and sigmoidal regions of the survival curve without actually extending the experiment in that dose region, which is not possible using conventional methods