Does Koopmans’ Paradigm for 1-Electron Oxidation Always Hold? Breakdown of IP/E\u3csub\u3eox\u3c/sub\u3e Relationship for \u3cem\u3ep\u3c/em\u3e-Hydroquinone Ethers and the Role of Methoxy Group Rotation

Koopmans’ paradigm states that electron loss occurs from HOMO, thus forming the basis for the observed linear relationships between HOMO/IP, HOMO/Eox, and IP/Eox. In cases where a molecule undergoes dramatic structural reorganization upon 1-electron oxidation, the IP/Eoxrelationship does not hold, and the origin of which is not understood. For example, X-ray crystallography of the neutral and cation radicals of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-annulated p-hydroquinone ethers (THE and MHE) showed that they undergo electron-transfer-induced conformational reorganization and show breakdown of the IP/Eox relationship. DFT calculations revealed that Koopmans’ paradigm still holds true because the electron-transfer-induced subtle conformational reorganization, responsible for the breakdown of IP/Eox relationship, is also responsible for the reordering of HOMO and HOMO-1. Perceived failure of Koopmans’ paradigm in cases of THE and MHE assumes that both vertical and adiabatic electron detachments involve the same HOMO; however, this study demonstrates that the vertical ionization and adiabatic oxidation occur from different molecular orbitals due to reordering of HOMO/HOMO-1. The underpinnings of this finding will spur widespread interest in designing next-generation molecules beyond HQEs, whose electronic structures can be modulated by electron-transfer-induced conformation reorganization

Age-related responses of right ventricle in swim-trained rats: Changes in lactate and pyruvate contents and lactate dehydrogenase activity

Age related changes in carbohydrate substrates such as, glucose, glycogen, pyruvic acid and lactic acid and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isoenzyme profile were evaluated in the right ventricle (RV) of swim-trained rats of 6- (adult), 12- (middle-aged) and 18- (old) months-of-age. Moderate hypertrophy was seen in the heart and RV in response to training in all age groups with the 12 months exhibiting a significant increase. While resting levels of pyruvate and glucose in the RV showed small elevations in adult and middle-aged rats, lactic acid showed reductions in all ages. Glycogen supercompensation was seen in the RV of trained animals. These age-related alterations in RV were associated with decreases in blood lactic acid and glucose in the trained rats belonging to all ages. Total protein of the RV decreased with age and exercise increased the content. Total LDH and M4-LDH activities decreased with age. However, training increased their activities in all ages. These changes in the RV suggests that swimming activity produces adaptations (e.g. increased LDH and M4) in all age groups. Considering the degree of adaptations, it can be suggested that adult and middle-aged are suitable for initiating swim-training programs, but not in old age

Learner Autonomy and Motivation -A Literature Review

A general argument in rationalization for autonomy in language learning is that autonomous learners are strongly motivated and that autonomy leads to better, more successful work. Autonomy is defined as the ability to take control of one’s own learning but it is possible only with an active process of assistance and support to help learners expand and systematize the capacities that they already possess in them. The study on motivation in connection to language learning over the past few decades has been dominated by psychological approach to motivation of Gardner and Lambert, which gives small aid in attempts to relate autonomy and motivation. To discover such associations it is necessary to turn to the literature on motivation in language learning. This paper will review the literature on motivation and suggest that there is a significant relationship between autonomy and some educational theories of motivation. Keywords: Autonomy, Motivation, Psychological approac

Advanced Vehicle Tracking system using GSM/GPRS and GPS

Vehicle Tracker is a Universal Anti-Larceny System for all kinds of motorcycles. The gadget is inserted inside a vehicle whose position is to be resolved and followed continuously. The composed device works utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication/General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is the most widely recognized courses for vehicle tracking system. GPS and high sensitivity antenna are used for effective and precise location tracking of motorcycle through mobile application. Accelerometer sensor will alert the user of a possible larceny by detecting the slightest transition of the motorcycle. Immobilizer relay to remotely enable/incapacitate motorcycle ignition. Ignition switch status monitoring is utilized to detect key insertion. Fuel level sensor used to detect fuel larceny and to determine the information about fuel level in automobile tank

PRONIOSOMAL GEL MEDIATED TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF GLIBENCLAMIDE AND ATENOLOL COMBINATION: EXVIVO AND PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop an optimized dosage form for treating comorbidity in combination and evaluate it for its pharmacodynamic performance in male Wistar albino rats. Methods: Transdermal proniosomal gel for Combination of Glibenclamide (GLB) and Atenolol (ATN) was developed and optimized by Box Behnken design. This optimized combinational proniosomal gel (OCPG), which was selected by a point prediction method, was evaluated for its ex vivo, skin irritation studies and pharmacodynamic activities of both drugs in rats in comparison with its oral therapy. Results: The ex-vivo permeation behavior through different skins was studied and the findings were also confirmed by the values of the steady-state flux (Jss). The OCPG observed an increase of more than twice in the cumulative amount of impregnated drugs compared to pure drug films. The study on skin irritation revealed the non-irritability of the developed OCPG applied. OCPG significantly showed sustained hypoglycemic activity in rats (p<0.001), when compared to orally treat animals up to 24 h. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering effect of OCPG was found to be significant (p<0.02), when compared to orally treat rats up to 24 h. However, the reduction was slow and sustained in the case of OPCG where a significant response was observed in the performed studies. Conclusion: Overall, the results show that controlled release GLB and ATN proniosomes offer a useful and promising transdermal delivery system. Henceforth this may be an achievement in treating the diabetic hypertensive patient

Comparative study between Johnson’s formula and Dare’s formula of fetal weight estimation at term

Background: Prediction of fetal weight is one of the methods towards effective management of pregnancy and delivery. To assess and compare the accuracy of clinical and sonographic fetal weight estimation in predicting birth weight at term pregnancy, patients who were in latent or in active phase of labour. In the present study, an effort is made to compare two different clinical methods and USG and relate to the actual weight of the baby at birth.Methods: It is a prospective observational study of one hundred pregnant women satisfying the criteria, consenting for the study was recruited. Both USG and clinical methods will be done and compared with estimated the fetal weight. Weight of the baby at birth will be measured.Results: All the three methods had significant relationship with the baby weight. Percentage error was least with USG and the standard deviation of error was lower with Dare’s formula. The standard deviation was minimal for Dare`s formula EFW followed closely by USG.Conclusions: It can be concluded that Dare’s formula of clinical methods can be a potential option to be promoted in predicting the fetal weight in the absence of USG facilities. Training in this method is very important and can be an integral part in managing pregnancy during delivery in primary care setting

Dynamic Integrated System for Detecting and Fixing Vulnerability Bugs

Bugs are one of the important barriers in the field of software development. Concurrent and frequent bugs are non-deterministic in nature and in the time of vulnerability testing. It is difficult to detect the dynamic bugs with a high representation of vulnerability that causes the damage to the software products. Existing vulnerability testing methods relied on the conventional static testing techniques of finding and fixing the bugs but it does not show a high ratio of they handle or require specific hardware support. It does not include in the clustering approach. To overcome the limitations in the existing techniques, this proposed methods Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO), Expectation Maximization (EM) Clustering and Variable Neighborhood search. The primary input dataset is preprocessed to obtain the relevant and irrelevant data partition and optimized dataset was given as input to the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) techniqu

ON PSEUDO COMPATIBLE P-FUZZY SOFT RELATIONS

We introduce the notion of pseudo compatible P-fuzzy soft relations of a sub group, cossets of a group, strongest fuzzy soft relations and how they are related with fuzzy soft normal subgroups