FORMULASINANOPARTIKELKITOSAN-PGV~ DENGAN METODEIONIKGELASI

Pentagamavllnon-O (PGV-O) merupakan salah satu senyawa sintetik turunan kurkumin. Aktivitas antiinflamasi dan antikanker PGV-O terbukti lebih besar dibanding kurkumin. Namun, PGV-O tidak larut dalam air sehingga mempengaruhi bioavaibilitasnya. Oleh karena itu, PGV-0 dimodifikasi menjadi nanopartikel yang menjadi salah satu teknologi peningkatan bioavaibilitas. Nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O dapat dibuat dengan metode ionik gelasi menggunakan natrium tripilifosfat (TPP). Penelitian ini bbertujuan untuk mengasilkan nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O, mengetahui profil pelepasan obat secara in vitro dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan terhadap distribusi ukuran partikel dan entrapment efficiency nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O. Kitosan dilarutkan dalam larutan dapar asetat pada pH 4,0 dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi (0,02%0,06%0,10%) sedangkan PGV-O dilarutkan dalam aseton. Konsentrasi natrium triploifosfat yang digunakan yaitu 6 % dalam akuades. Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O dilakukan dengan pengukuran entrapment efficiency, pelepasan obat, distribusi ukuran partikel dan karakterisasi spektra inframerah. Dari penelitian ini, formulasi nanopartikel menghasilkan kompleks nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O dengan ukuran 151,2 nm hingga 289,0 nm. Entrapment efficiency yang diperoleh yaitu: 90.24 %:J: 1,79 (kitosan 0,02%)90,41 %:J:0,98 (kitosan 0,06%)dan 85,09%:J: 1,19 (kitosan 0,10%). Profif pelepasan nanopartikel kitosan-PGV-O secara in vitro menunjukkan pelepasan obat secara cepat diikuti pelepasan secara perlahan. Profil ini menyerupai profil pelepasan obat terkontrol (sustained release). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa formulasi ini dapat menghasilkan nanopartikel, memiliki entrapment efficiency tinggi dan dapat digunakan sebagai pertimbangan bentuk sediaan obat terkontrol (sustained release)

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and the Cardiovascular System: In Physiology and in Disease States

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a critical role in regulating and maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system. The importance of eNOS can be emphasized from the genetic polymorphisms of the eNOS gene, uncoupling of eNOS dimerization, and its numerous signaling regulations. The activity of eNOS on the cardiac myocytes, vasculature, and the central nervous system are discussed. The effects of eNOS on the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS), both of which profoundly influence the cardiovascular system, will be elaborated. The relationship between the eNOS protein with cardiovascular autonomic reflexes such as the baroreflex and the Exercise Pressor Reflex will be discussed. For example, the effects of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) are shown to be mediated by the eNOS protein and that eNOS-derived endothelial NO is most effective in regulating blood pressure oscillations via modulating the baroreflex mechanisms. The protective action of eNOS on the CVS is emphasized here because dysfunction of the eNOS enzyme is intricately correlated with the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Overall, our current understanding of the eNOS protein with a focus on its role in the modulation, regulation, and control of the cardiovascular system in a normal physiological state and in cardiovascular diseases are discussed

Sequence Variation in Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) Inferred Using Partial Sequences of the Cytochrome b Segment of the Mitochondrial DNA

Comparison of 321 bp long mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of wild and captive Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus)revealed low variation among the individuals investigated. Phylogenetic analyses using distance (neighbor-joining) analysis supported the monophyletic status of the Malayan tapir. Two haplotypes were identified out of 13 Malayan tapir analyzed

Comparative study of Ce0.80Sm0.20 Ba0.80Y0.20O3-δ (YB-SDC) electrolyte by various chemical synthesis routes

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is received a significant attention in recent years due to higher efficiency and fuel flexibility. The one of the main challenge for SOFC is to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs. Therefore, different strategies are used in order to enhance the ionic conduction of electrolyte, which can lower the overall SOFC operating temperature. The present work is focused on this strategy to enhance the electrolytic conductivity. Therefore, the ceria based composite electrolytes Ce0.80Sm0.20B0.80Y0.20O3-δ (YBSDC) are synthesized using three different approaches i.e. co-precipitation (YBSDC-1), sol-gel (YBSDC-2) and ball milling (YBSDC-3). Their crystal structures and surface morphologies are characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. The four-probe technique is employed to measure their dc conductivities in the temperature range (300–700) °C under air atmosphere. The open circuit voltage (OCV) and current are recorded with natural gas as fuel {flow rate kept at 100 ml min−1 at 1 atm pressure} over the temperature range (300–600) °C.The electrolyte (YBSDC-1) prepared by co-precipitation technique is shown better results as compare to other two electrolytes (YBSDC-2 and YBSDC-3). The electrolyte (YBSDC-1) having maximum dc conductivity (0.096 S/cm), peak power density 224 mW cm−2 and OCV 0.94 V at 600 °C. These results show that YBSDC-1electrolyte is potential candidate for low temperature SOFCs. Keywords: Hydrogen, Energy, Ball milling, Composite, Conducto

Comparative study of Ce0.80Sm0.20Ba0.80Y0.20O3-delta (YB-SDC) electrolyte by various chemical synthesis routes

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is received a significant attention in recent years due to higher efficiency and fuel flexibility. The one of the main challenge for SOFC is to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs. Therefore, different strategies are used in order to enhance the ionic conduction of electrolyte, which can lower the overall SOFC operating temperature. The present work is focused on this strategy to enhance the electrolytic conductivity. Therefore, the ceria based composite electrolytes Ce0.80Sm0.20B0.80Y0.20O3-delta (YBSDC) are synthesized using three different approaches i.e. co-precipitation (YBSDC-1), sol-gel (YBSDC-2) and ball milling (YBSDC-3). Their crystal structures and surface morphologies are characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. The four-probe technique is employed to measure their dc conductivities in the temperature range (300-700) degrees C under air atmosphere. The open circuit voltage (OCV) and current are recorded with natural gas as fuel {flow rate kept at 100 ml min(-1) at 1 atm pressure} over the temperature range (300-600) degrees C. The electrolyte (YBSDC-1) prepared by co-precipitation technique is shown better results as compare to other two electrolytes (YBSDC-2 and YBSDC-3). The electrolyte (YBSDC-1) having maximum dc conductivity (0.096 S/cm), peak power density 224 mW cm(-2) and OCV 0.94 V at 600 degrees C. These results show that YBSDC-1electrolyte is potential candidate for low temperature SOFCs. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V

HIV proviral genetic diversity, compartmentalization and inferred dynamics in lung and blood during long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy.

The lung is an understudied site of HIV persistence. We isolated 898 subgenomic proviral sequences (nef) by single-genome approaches from blood and lung from nine individuals on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), and characterized genetic diversity and compartmentalization using formal tests. Consistent with clonal expansion as a driver of HIV persistence, identical sequences comprised between 8% to 86% of within-host datasets, though their location (blood vs. lung) followed no consistent pattern. The majority (77%) of participants harboured at least one sequence shared across blood and lung, supporting the migration of clonally-expanded cells between sites. The extent of blood proviral diversity on ART was also a strong indicator of diversity in lung (Spearman's ρ = 0.98, p<0.0001). For three participants, insufficient lung sequences were recovered to reliably investigate genetic compartmentalization. Of the remainder, only two participants showed statistically significant support for compartmentalization when analysis was restricted to distinct proviruses per site, and the extent of compartmentalization was modest in both cases. When all within-host sequences (including duplicates) were considered, the number of compartmentalized datasets increased to four. Thus, while a subset of individuals harbour somewhat distinctive proviral populations in blood and lung, this can simply be due to unequal distributions of clonally-expanded sequences. For two participants, on-ART proviruses were also phylogenetically analyzed in context of plasma HIV RNA populations sampled up to 18 years prior, including pre-ART and during previous treatment interruptions. In both participants, on-ART proviruses represented the most ancestral sequences sampled within-host, confirming that HIV sequences can persist in the body for decades. This analysis also revealed evidence of re-seeding of the reservoir during treatment interruptions. Results highlight the genetic complexity of proviruses persisting in lung and blood during ART, and the uniqueness of each individual's proviral composition. Personalized HIV remission and cure strategies may be needed to overcome these challenges

Associations of Alcohol Consumption With Left Atrial Morphology and Function in a Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

Background Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. An enlarged left atrium and impaired left atrial function may lead to atrial fibrillation. The association of alcohol consumption with structural and functional left atrial measures, however, has received limited attention. Methods and Results We studied 503 participants from the PREDIMED‐Plus (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial, a randomized trial testing intensive weight loss intervention with an energy‐reduced Mediterranean diet and physical activity promotion in preventing cardiovascular disease in adults with metabolic syndrome. Participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography at baseline, year 3, and year 5 of the study. Outcomes of interest included volume index and reservoir, conduit, and contractile strains of the left atrium. Alcohol consumption was calculated through food frequency questionnaires and presented as drinks consumed per day. Multiple linear regression and mixed models estimated the association of alcohol consumption with left atrial measurements at baseline and through follow‐up. Cross‐sectionally, higher alcohol consumption (per 1 drink/day increases) was associated with larger left atrial volume (0.65 mL/m2 [95% CI, 0.18–1.11]) and lower left atrial reservoir and contractile strain (−0.44% [95% CI, −0.87 to −0.01]; and −0.44% [95% CI, −0.75 to −0.14]). Baseline alcohol consumption was not associated with changes in left atrial measurements, but increases in alcohol consumption (per 1 drink/day increase) during follow‐up were associated with left atrial enlargement (0.71 mL/m2 [95% CI, 0.17–1.26]). Conclusions In a population at high cardiovascular risk, increased alcohol consumption was associated with left atrial enlargement and worsening atrial function. Registration URL: http://www.controlled‐trials.com; Unique identifier: ISRCTN89898870

Factors influencing delivery-related complications and their consequences in hard-to-reach areas of Bangladesh

Background and objectives: Bangladesh's high maternal mortality ratio is exacerbated by delivery-related complications, particularly in hard-to-reach (HtR) areas with limited healthcare access. Despite this, few studies have explored delivery-related complications and factors contributing to these complications among the disadvantaged population. This study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to delivery-related complications and their consequences among the mothers residing in the HtR areas of Bangladesh. Methods: Data were collected using a cross-sectional study design from 13 HtR sub-districts of Bangladesh between September 2019 and October 2019. Data from 1,290 recently delivered mothers were analysed. Results: Around 32% (95% CI: 29.7-34.8) of the mothers reported at least one delivery-related complication. Prolonged labour pain (21%) was the highest reported complication during the delivery, followed by obstructive labour (20%), fever (14%), severe headache (14%). Mothers with higher education, a higher number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, complications during ANC, employed, and first-time mothers had higher odds of reporting delivery-related complications. More than one-half (51%) of these mothers had normal vaginal delivery. Nearly one-fifth (20%) of mothers who reported delivery-related complications were delivered by unskilled health workers at homes. On the other hand, about one-fifth (19%) of the mothers without any complications during delivery had a caesarean delivery. Nine out of ten of these caesarean deliveries were done at the private facilities. Conclusion: Delivery-related complications are significantly related to a woman's reproductive history and other background characteristics. Unnecessary caesarean delivery is prominent at private facilities