Understanding the acceptance or refusal of agroforestry systems by farmers in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region (Northern France)

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Etiologies des pleurésies exsudatives: à propos de 424 cas à Madagascar

Introduction: La pleurésie constitue un motif fréquent de consultation en pneumologie. Notre travail a pour objectif de déterminer les étiologies des pleurésies exsudatives afin d’en faciliter les démarches étiologiques. Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective réalisée chez des patients ayant une pleurésie exsudative et bénéficiant une biopsie pleurale à l’aveugle à l’aide de l’aiguille de Castelain, pendant une période de 5 ans (2005 à 2009). Résultats: Parmi les 424 patients inclus, 259 hommes (61,08%) et 165 femmes (38,91%) étaient individualisés. Les pleurésies étaient d’origine tuberculeuse dans 298 cas (70, 28%), métastatique dans 63 cas (14,85%), inflammation non spécifique dans 51 cas (12,02%). Des fibres musculaires striées étaient biopsiées dans 12 cas (2,83%). Conclusion: La biopsie pleurale occupe une place prépondérante dans la recherche étiologique des pleurésies d'exsudatives à Madagascar où la tuberculose sévit encore en mode endémique.Key words: Tuberculose pleurale, biopsie pleurale, tumeurs pleurales, pleurésies d’exsudative

Validation of an immunochromatographic assay kit for the identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

International audienceThe performance of the immunochromatographic assay, SD BIOLINE TB Ag MPT64 RAPID®, was evaluated in Madagascar. Using mouse anti-MPT64 monoclonal antibodies for rapid discrimination between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria, the kit was tested on mycobacteria and other pathogens using conventional methods as the gold standard. The results presented here indicate that this kit has excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) compared to standard biochemical detection and can be easily used for the rapid identification of M. tuberculosis complex

Biocontrol of potato wilt by selective rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria associated with potato plant

Ralstonia solanacearum is the causative agent of wilt disease in plants, which constitutes a severe problem to agricultural crops, particularly for potato production in Madagascar. The present study focuses on the isolation, in vitro and in vivo assays of potential rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria associated with healthy potato plant, capable to inhibit the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum for controlling potato bacterial wilt. A total of 77 bacteria strains were isolated from six soil rhizospheric samples and six vegetal material samples of healthy potatoes in the district of Antsirabe II. Forty of them were telluric actinomycetes, 25 were endophytic actinomycetes and 12 were fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. An additional 30 phytopathogenic isolates were obtained from six rhizopsheric soil samples of diseased potatoes. Morphological, cultural, biochemical characterization and molecular identification with the Ralstonia solanacearum specific primers 759/760 revealed that 24 of the pathogenic isolates belong to the Ralstonia solanacearum species, biovar two; the causal agent of potato bacterial wilt. Isolates from healthy plants were, then, examined in vitro and in vivo for their antagonistic activity against Ralstonia solanacearum strain for their potential to improve potato plant growth. In vitro antagonism of actinomycete and Pseudomonas isolates against Ralstonia solanacearum development was performed using agar diffusion technique, while in vivo tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Ten antagonistic strains including two Pseudomonas, four telluric actinomycetes, and four endophytic actinomycetes inhibited the tested Ralstonia strain. Four strains, E7, E13 (endophytic actinomycete from root potatoes), S25 (telluric actinomycetes) and P7 (fluorescent Pseudomonas), showed high antagonistic activity against the pathogen with zones of inhibition from 23 to 40 mm. Of the fours strains tested in greenhouse, E7 significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the percentage of Ralstonia solanacearum that infected plants by 72.04%. The isolates E13 and S25 have also been demonstrated to improve plant growth by increase of plant height to 44.63% and 44.84%, fresh weight to 68.75% and 75.85% and dry weight to 86.17% and 115.42%, respectively compared with non-treated control. Morphological and cultural characterization of these three active isolates showed that they belong to the genus Streptomyces. The antagonism of these isolates against Ralstonia solanacearum according to in vitro and in vivo tests results, along with their high efficiency as regards the improvement of plant development, suggests that these three actinomycete strains E7, E13 and S25 could be useful for biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt.Key words: Potato, Ralstonia, Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas, Biocontrol

High IgE sensitization to maize and rice pollen in the highlands of Madagascar

Introduction: maize and rice are two crops constituting the main food supply in many under-developed and developing countries. Despite the large area devoted to the culture, the sensitization to the pollen from these plants is reported to be low and often considered as an occupational allergy. Methods: sixty five Malagasy pollen allergic patients were clinically and immunochemically investigated with regard to maize and rice pollen allergens. Pollen extracts were electrophoretically separated in 1 and 2 dimensions and IgE and IgG reactivities detected upon immunoblotting. Results: when exploring the sensitization profile of Malagasy allergic patients to maize and rice pollen, it appears that a high proportion of these patients consulting during grass pollinating season were sensitized to both pollen as revealed by skin prick testing (62 vs. 59%) and IgE immunoblotting (85 vs. 40%). Several clinically relevant allergens were recognized by patients' serum IgE in maize and rice pollen extracts. Conclusion: the high levels of maize and rice pollen sensitization should be related, in this tropical region, to a specific environmental exposure including i) a proximity of the population to the allergenic sources and ii) a putative exacerbating effect of a highly polluted urban atmosphere on pollen allergenicity. Cross reactivities between wild and cultivated grasses and also between rice and maize pollen are involved as well as some specific maize sensitizations. The presence of dense urban and peri-urban agriculture, in various African regions and worldwide, could be a high environmental risk factor for people sensitive to maize pollen

Baseline prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis at sentinel sites in Madagascar: Informing a national control strategy

Background Schistosomiasis affects more than 800 million people, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. A baseline sentinel site study was conducted in the Western half of Madagascar to determine the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections prior to mass drug administration, and to explore the associations between infection and school attendance, and access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. Methods A three-stage, cluster-randomised cross-sectional study was conducted in 29 sentinel sites in October 2015. Twenty school attending and 4 non-attending children in each of the age groups from 7 to 10 years old were randomly selected at each site for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in a single urine slide by filtration, and of S. mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm eggs in duplicate Kato-Katz slides from a single stool sample. School attendance was registered individually, and school-level access to WASH facilities was scored through pre-defined observed and reported factors. Logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for gender, age and study site. School-level WASH status was analysed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results A total of 1,958 children were included. The prevalence of S. haematobium infection and heavy-intensity infection was 30.5 % and 15.1 %, respectively. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection and heavy-intensity infection was 5.0 % and 0.9 %, respectively. The prevalence of any STH infection was 4.7 %. There was no significant difference in prevalence of infection or heavy-intensity infection of either schistosome species between attending and non-attending children, apart from heavy-intensity S. mansoni infection that was significantly more common in children who did not attend school regularly (aOR = 7.5 (95 % CI = 1.1-49.5); p = 0.037). Only a minority of schools had adequate access to WASH facilities, and in this study, we found no significant association between school-level WASH status and schistosomiasis. Conclusions This study found an alarmingly high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis, and the results warrant urgent scale-up of the national NTD control programme that will need to include both non-attending and attending school-age children in order to reach WHO roadmap targets for the control of schistosomiasis by 2020

Impact of a 3-year mass drug administration pilot project for taeniasis control in Madagascar

Taenia solium is endemic in Madagascar and presents a significant burden on the population and the health system. The parasite cycles through humans who host the adult tapeworm, and pigs that host the larval stages. Accidental infection of humans may occur with the larval stages which encyst in the nervous central system causing neurocysticercosis, a major cause of seizure disorders and a public health problem. One of the interventions to facilitate the control of the disease is mass drug administration (MDA) of the human population with taeniacide. Here we describe a pilot project conducted in Antanifotsy district of Madagascar from 2015 to 2017 where three annual rounds of MDA (praziquantel, 10mg/Kg) were undertaken in 52 villages. Changes in the prevalence of taeniasis were assessed before, during and after the treatments. A total of 221,308 treatments were given to all eligible people above 5 years of age representing a 95% coverage of the targeted population. No major adverse effects were notified related to the implementation of the MDA. The prevalence of taeniasis was measured using Kato-Katz and copro-antigen techniques. Analyses undertaken combining the results of the Kato-Katz with copro-antigen, or using the Kato-Katz results alone, showed that there was a significant reduction in taeniasis 4 months after the last MDA, but 12 months later (16 months after the last MDA) the taeniasis prevalence had returned to its original levels. Results of the pilot project emphasize the need of a multi-sectorial One-Health approach for the sustained control of T. solium

Malagasy traditional treatments of infectious plant diseases exert anti-virulence activities against pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ralstonia solanacearum

peer reviewedTraditional Malagasy farmers have developed a range of biological methods to restrict plant diseases without reliance on external or synthetic inputs. Five common Malagasy traditional practices demonstrated to be efficient against potato crop bacterial disease in experimental fields have been investigated for their antibacterial (i.e. bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects) and anti-virulence (i.e. antiquorum sensing and anti-biofilm) activities against two phytopathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ralstonia solanacearum. Results show that polar (methanolic) extracts of recipes exert anti-virulence activities rather than bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activities. Indeed, three recipes (R5, R7 and R9) reduce the expression of QS-dependent virulence factors whereas only recipe (R5) exhibit antibiofilm activities without affecting bacterial growth. R4 and R6 were not active, suggesting other bacterial targets and/or other bioactivity properties. Innovative approaches, inspired from ancestral practices, should be considered in the struggle against infectious diseases to limit the overuse of antibiotics for controlling infectious plant diseases and to reduce the overspread of multidrug resistant bacteria