1,460 research outputs found
Heterogeneity in susceptibility dictates the order of epidemiological models
The fundamental models of epidemiology describe the progression of an
infectious disease through a population using compartmentalized differential
equations, but do not incorporate population-level heterogeneity in infection
susceptibility. We show that variation strongly influences the rate of
infection, while the infection process simultaneously sculpts the
susceptibility distribution. These joint dynamics influence the force of
infection and are, in turn, influenced by the shape of the initial variability.
Intriguingly, we find that certain susceptibility distributions (the
exponential and the gamma) are unchanged through the course of the outbreak,
and lead naturally to power-law behavior in the force of infection; other
distributions often tend towards these "eigen-distributions" through the
process of contagion. The power-law behavior fundamentally alters predictions
of the long-term infection rate, and suggests that first-order epidemic models
that are parameterized in the exponential-like phase may systematically and
significantly over-estimate the final severity of the outbreak
Predicting suitable environments and potential occurrences for coelacanths (Latimeria spp.)
This is the author's accepted manuscript. The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com.Extant coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) were first discovered in the western Indian Ocean in 1938; in 1998, a second species of coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis, was discovered off the north coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, expanding the known distribution of the genus across the Indian Ocean Basin. This study uses ecological niche modeling techniques to estimate dimensions of realized niches of coelacanths and generate hypotheses for additional sites where they might be found. Coelacanth occurrence information was integrated with environmental and oceanographic data using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP) and a maximum entropy algorithm (Maxent). Resulting models were visualized as maps of relative suitability of sites for coelacanths throughout the Indian Ocean, as well as scatterplots of ecological variables. Our findings suggest that the range of coelacanths could extend beyond their presently known distribution and suggests alternative mechanisms for currently observed distributions. Further investigation into these hypotheses could aid in forming a more complete picture of the distributions and populations of members of genus Latimeria, which in turn could aid in developing conservation strategies, particularly in the case of L. menadoensis
Evaluating Catchment Models as Multiple Working Hypotheses: on the Role of Error Metrics, Parameter Sampling, Model Structure, and Data Information Content
To evaluate models as hypotheses, we developed the method of Flux Mapping to
construct a hypothesis space based on dominant runoff generating mechanisms.
Acceptable model runs, defined as total simulated flow with similar (and
minimal) model error, are mapped to the hypothesis space given their simulated
runoff components. In each modeling case, the hypothesis space is the result of
an interplay of factors: model structure and parameterization, chosen error
metric, and data information content. The aim of this study is to disentangle
the role of each factor in model evaluation. We used two model structures
(SACRAMENTO and SIMHYD), two parameter sampling approaches (Latin Hypercube
Sampling of the parameter space and guided-search of the solution space), three
widely used error metrics (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency - NSE, Kling-Gupta
Efficiency skill score - KGEss, and Willmott refined Index of Agreement - WIA),
and hydrological data from a large sample of Australian catchments. First, we
characterized how the three error metrics behave under different error types
and magnitudes independent of any modeling. We then conducted a series of
controlled experiments to unpack the role of each factor in runoff generation
hypotheses. We show that KGEss is a more reliable metric compared to NSE and
WIA for model evaluation. We further demonstrate that only changing the error
metric -- while other factors remain constant -- can change the model solution
space and hence vary model performance, parameter sampling sufficiency, and or
the flux map. We show how unreliable error metrics and insufficient parameter
sampling impair model-based inferences, particularly runoff generation
hypotheses
Galactic Extinction from Colors and Counts of Field Galaxies in WFPC2 Frames: An Application to GRB 970228
We develop the ``simulated extinction method'' to measure average foreground
Galactic extinction from field galaxy number-counts and colors. The method
comprises simulating extinction in suitable reference fields by changing the
isophotal detection limit. This procedure takes into account selection effects,
in particular, the change in isophotal detection limit (and hence in isophotal
magnitude completeness limit) with extinction, and the galaxy color--magnitude
relation.
We present a first application of the method to the HST WFPC2 images of the
gamma-ray burster GRB 970228. Four different WFPC2 high-latitude fields,
including the HDF, are used as reference to measure the average extinction
towards the GRB in the F606W passband. From the counts, we derive an average
extinction of A_V = 0.5 mag, but the dispersion of 0.4 mag between the
estimates from the different reference fields is significantly larger than can
be accounted by Poisson plus clustering uncertainties. Although the counts
differ, the average colors of the field galaxies agree well. The extinction
implied by the average color difference between the GRB field and the reference
galaxies is A_V = 0.6 mag, with a dispersion in the estimated extinction from
the four reference fields of only 0.1 mag. All our estimates are in good
agreement with the value of 0.81\pm0.27 mag obtained by Burstein & Heiles, and
with the extinction of 0.78\pm0.12 measured by Schlegel et al. from maps of
dust IR emission. However, the discrepancy between the widely varying counts
and the very stable colors in these high-latitude fields is worth
investigating.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures; submitted to the Astrophysical Journa
Hyperparathyroidism subsequent to radioactive iodine therapy for Graves\u27 disease
BACKGROUND: The development of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment for thyroid disease is poorly characterized. The current study is the largest reported cohort and assesses the disease characteristics of patients treated for PHPT with a history of RAI exposure.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis comparing patients, with and without a history of RAI treatment, who underwent surgery for PHPT.
RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the 469 patients had a history of RAI treatment, all for Graves\u27 disease. Patients with a history of RAI exposure had similar disease characteristics compared to control; however, patients with a history of RAI treatment had a higher rate of recurrence (7.4% vs 1.2%, p = 0.012).
CONCLUSION: PHPT in patients with a history of RAI treatment can be approached in the same manner as RAI naive PHPT patients; however, the risk of recurrence of PHPT in RAI exposed patients may be higher
A single nephron model of acute tubular injury: Role of tubuloglomerular feedback
A single nephron model of acute tubular injury: Role of tubuloglomerular feedback. A single nephron model of nephrotoxic tubular injury was established to examine the mechanism whereby acute tubular damage contributes to reductions in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR). Acute microperfusion of 0.5ng of uranyl nitrate (UN) into the early proximal tubule produced a significant reduction (16 to 30%) in SNGFR measured in both distal and proximal tubules of the same nephron and a decrease in absolute proximal reabsorption. Microperfused inulin was retained in the tubule suggesting this finding reflected a true reduction in SNGFR. Concurrent infusion of high dose furosemide (2 Ă— 10-4M) and bumetanide (2 Ă— 10-5M), but not low dose furosemide (2 Ă— 10-5M), prevented the UN induced reduction in SNGFR. High dose furosemide begun after UN perfusion also prevented reduction in SNGFR. Continuous direct measurement of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure revealed no change. Distal intratubular Na+ and CI- concentration increased significantly after UN perfusion. Activation of tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms best explains the reduction in glomerular ultrafiltration that is characteristic of nephrotoxic forms of tubular injury
Use of waveform lidar and hyperspectral sensors to assess selected spatial and structural patterns associated with recent and repeat disturbance and the abundance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in a temperate mixed hardwood and conifer forest.
Abstract
Waveform lidar imagery was acquired on September 26, 1999 over the Bartlett Experimental Forest (BEF) in New Hampshire (USA) using NASA\u27s Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS). This flight occurred 20 months after an ice storm damaged millions of hectares of forestland in northeastern North America. Lidar measurements of the amplitude and intensity of ground energy returns appeared to readily detect areas of moderate to severe ice storm damage associated with the worst damage. Southern through eastern aspects on side slopes were particularly susceptible to higher levels of damage, in large part overlapping tracts of forest that had suffered the highest levels of wind damage from the 1938 hurricane and containing the highest levels of sugar maple basal area and biomass. The levels of sugar maple abundance were determined through analysis of the 1997 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) high resolution spectral imagery and inventory of USFS Northern Research Station field plots. We found a relationship between field measurements of stem volume losses and the LVIS metric of mean canopy height (r2 = 0.66; root mean square errors = 5.7 m3/ha, p \u3c 0.0001) in areas that had been subjected to moderate-to-severe ice storm damage, accurately documenting the short-term outcome of a single disturbance event
A remarkable long-term light curve, and deep, low-state spectroscopy: Swift & XMM-Newton monitoring of the NLS1 galaxy Mkn 335
The Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) Mkn 335 is remarkable because it has
repeatedly shown deep, long X-ray low-states which show pronounced spectral
structure. It has become one of the prototype AGN in deep minimum X-ray states.
Here we report on the continuation of our ongoing monitoring campaign with
Swift and the examination of the low state X-ray spectra based on a 200 ks
triggered observation with XMM in June 2009. Swift has continuously monitored
Mkn 335 since May 2007 typically on a monthly basis. This is one of the longest
simultaneous UV/X-ray light curves so far obtained for an active galactic
nucleus (AGN). Mkn 335 has shown strong X-ray variability even on time scales
of hours. In the UV, it turns out to be one of the most variable among NLS1s.
Long-term Swift monitoring allow us to examine correlations between the UV,
X-rays and X-ray hardness ratios. We find no significant correlation or lag
between the UV and X-ray variability; however, we do find distinct trends in
the behavior of the hardness ratio variability. The hardness ratio and count
rate are correlated in the low-flux state, but no correlation is seen in the
high-state. The X-ray low-state spectra of the 2007 and 2009 XMM observations
display significant spectral variability. We fit the X-ray spectra with a suite
of phenomenological models in order to characterize the data. The broad band
CCD spectrum can be fitted equally well with partial absorption and blurred
reflection models. These more complicated models are explored in further detail
in upcoming work.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, 4 Tables, ApJ Suppl. accepte
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