Povezanost stereovida i motoričkih vještina u djece s intelektualnim teškoćama

The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between stereoacuity and proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. Stereovision is one of the information sources for accurate perception of objects in depth, and it is related to performance on motor skills tasks. Studies have shown that children of primary school age with mild intellectual disabilities perform worse than typically developing children on specific fine and gross motor skills. Also, problems in visual functioning, including impaired binocular vision (stereovision), are common in children with intellectual disability. We tested 27 children with intellectual disabilities but without any motor skills deficiency. Research was conducted at the Centre for Education "Velika Gorica" and Elementary School "Nad lipom". For this research, we constructed a Likert-type scale to assess fine and gross motor proficiency. We also tested stereoacuity using the Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®. Our results show a relationship between the degree of stereovision and level of proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. Since stereovision develops during preschool years and is related to other skills, we need to provide timely assessment of visual functioning and create specific program adaptations for children with intellectual disabilities.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u gruboj te finoj motorici. Stereovid je jedan od izvora informacija za točnu procjenu percepcije objekata u dubini i povezan je s izvođenjem motoričkih aktivnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su djeca s lakim intelektualnim teškoćama osnovnoškolske dobi lošija u izvođenju motoričkih aktivnosti nego djeca tipičnog razvoja. Također, vizualna odstupanja učestala su kod djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, uključujući i oslabljen binokularni vid (stereovid). Testirali smo 27-ero djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, bez motoričkih teškoća. Istraživanje je provedeno u Centru za odgoj i obrazovanje "Velika Gorica" i Osnovnoj školi "Nad lipom". Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, konstruirali smo skalu Likertovog tipa za procjenu spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Također, testirali smo i stereovid koristeći stereotest Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®. Rezultati su pokazali postojanje povezanosti između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Budući da se stereovid razvija u predškolskoj dobi i povezan je s razvojem drugih vještina, nužno je osigurati pravovremenu procjenu vizualnog funkcioniranja i u skladu s tim, kreirati specifične programe za djecu s intelektualnim teškoćama

Povezanost stereovida i motoričkih vještina u djece s intelektualnim teškoćama

The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between stereoacuity and proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. Stereovision is one of the information sources for accurate perception of objects in depth, and it is related to performance on motor skills tasks. Studies have shown that children of primary school age with mild intellectual disabilities perform worse than typically developing children on specific fine and gross motor skills. Also, problems in visual functioning, including impaired binocular vision (stereovision), are common in children with intellectual disability. We tested 27 children with intellectual disabilities but without any motor skills deficiency. Research was conducted at the Centre for Education "Velika Gorica" and Elementary School "Nad lipom". For this research, we constructed a Likert-type scale to assess fine and gross motor proficiency. We also tested stereoacuity using the Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®. Our results show a relationship between the degree of stereovision and level of proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. Since stereovision develops during preschool years and is related to other skills, we need to provide timely assessment of visual functioning and create specific program adaptations for children with intellectual disabilities.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u gruboj te finoj motorici. Stereovid je jedan od izvora informacija za točnu procjenu percepcije objekata u dubini i povezan je s izvođenjem motoričkih aktivnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su djeca s lakim intelektualnim teškoćama osnovnoškolske dobi lošija u izvođenju motoričkih aktivnosti nego djeca tipičnog razvoja. Također, vizualna odstupanja učestala su kod djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, uključujući i oslabljen binokularni vid (stereovid). Testirali smo 27-ero djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, bez motoričkih teškoća. Istraživanje je provedeno u Centru za odgoj i obrazovanje "Velika Gorica" i Osnovnoj školi "Nad lipom". Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, konstruirali smo skalu Likertovog tipa za procjenu spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Također, testirali smo i stereovid koristeći stereotest Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®. Rezultati su pokazali postojanje povezanosti između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Budući da se stereovid razvija u predškolskoj dobi i povezan je s razvojem drugih vještina, nužno je osigurati pravovremenu procjenu vizualnog funkcioniranja i u skladu s tim, kreirati specifične programe za djecu s intelektualnim teškoćama

Information systems risk management

Težište ovog rada je na informacijskim sustavima i upravljanju rizicima informacijskog sustava. Zbog sve bržeg razvoja informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija sve se više organizacija oslanja na informacijske sustave. Radi se o sustavima dizajnirani za prikupljanje, obradu, pohranjivanje i distribuciju informacija. Oni potpomažu organizaciji u ostvarivanju postavljenih ciljeva i donošenju pravih odluka. Iz tog razloga proces upravljanja rizicima igra važnu ulogu u zaštiti informacija i organizacije od IT-rizika. Djelotvorno upravljanje rizicima čini važnu komponentu za uspješno funkcioniranje informacijskog sustava, a sastoji se od dva glavna koraka; procjene rizika i ublažavanje rizika. Upravljanje rizicima ne omogućuje samo prepoznavanje slabosti i ranjivosti sustava nego i predviđanje, a time i sprječavanje nastanka štete. Kako bi se podržala informacijska sigurnost razvili su se različiti standardi i okviri, a među najpoznatijima su Obitelj ISO 27000 normi, CobiT i ITIL. KThe focus of this paper are information systems and their risk management. Information systems are systems designed to collect, process, store and distribute information. The rapid growth of information and communication technology has led organizations to rely on information systems more than ever. In this digital age almost every organization uses information systems to process their information. They support the organization to achieve their mission and to make better decisions. Therefore, risk management plays a critical role in protecting an organization's information assets and thus its mission from IT-related risks. An effective risk management process is an important component of a successful information system and includes two main steps; risk assessment and mitigation. With risk management its not only possible to notice system weaknesses and vulnerability, but also to predict and prevent a possible harmful event. Therefore, standards and frameworks were developed to help organizations manage information systems and security. Some of the most popular are ISO/IEC 27000 family, CobiT and ITIL, which also will be briefly presented

Information systems risk management

Težište ovog rada je na informacijskim sustavima i upravljanju rizicima informacijskog sustava. Zbog sve bržeg razvoja informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija sve se više organizacija oslanja na informacijske sustave. Radi se o sustavima dizajnirani za prikupljanje, obradu, pohranjivanje i distribuciju informacija. Oni potpomažu organizaciji u ostvarivanju postavljenih ciljeva i donošenju pravih odluka. Iz tog razloga proces upravljanja rizicima igra važnu ulogu u zaštiti informacija i organizacije od IT-rizika. Djelotvorno upravljanje rizicima čini važnu komponentu za uspješno funkcioniranje informacijskog sustava, a sastoji se od dva glavna koraka; procjene rizika i ublažavanje rizika. Upravljanje rizicima ne omogućuje samo prepoznavanje slabosti i ranjivosti sustava nego i predviđanje, a time i sprječavanje nastanka štete. Kako bi se podržala informacijska sigurnost razvili su se različiti standardi i okviri, a među najpoznatijima su Obitelj ISO 27000 normi, CobiT i ITIL. KThe focus of this paper are information systems and their risk management. Information systems are systems designed to collect, process, store and distribute information. The rapid growth of information and communication technology has led organizations to rely on information systems more than ever. In this digital age almost every organization uses information systems to process their information. They support the organization to achieve their mission and to make better decisions. Therefore, risk management plays a critical role in protecting an organization's information assets and thus its mission from IT-related risks. An effective risk management process is an important component of a successful information system and includes two main steps; risk assessment and mitigation. With risk management its not only possible to notice system weaknesses and vulnerability, but also to predict and prevent a possible harmful event. Therefore, standards and frameworks were developed to help organizations manage information systems and security. Some of the most popular are ISO/IEC 27000 family, CobiT and ITIL, which also will be briefly presented

Correlation between stereopsis and gross and fine motor skills of children with intellectual disabilities

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Stereovid je jedan od izvora informacija za točnu procjenu percepcije objekata u dubini i povezan je s izvođenjem motoričkih aktivnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su djeca s umjerenim intelektualnim teškoćama, osnovnoškolske dobi, lošiji u izvođenju motoričkih aktivnosti nego djeca tipičnog razvoja. Također, vizualna odstupanja su učestala kod djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, uključujući i oslabljen binokularni vid (stereovid). Testirali smo 27 djece s intelektualnim teškoćama, bez motoričkih teškoća. Istraživanje je provedeno u Centru za odgoj i obrazovanje „Velika Gorica“ i Osnovnoj školi „Nad Lipom“. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, konstruirali smo skalu spretnosti Likertovog tipa za procjenu spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Također, testirali smo i stereovid koristeći stereotest (Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®). Rezultati su pokazali postojanje povezanosti između stupnja razvoja stereovida i spretnosti u finoj te gruboj motorici. Smatramo da će ovo istraživanje doprinijeti poticanju novih istraživanja i kreiranju specifičnih programa za djecu s intelektualnim teškoćama.The goal of this study was to determine the relation between the stereoacuity and proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. Stereopsis is one of the information sources for accurate perception of objects in depth and it’s related with performance on motor skills tasks. Few studies shows that primary school age children with mild intellectual disabilities perform worse than typically developing children on specific fine and gross motor skills. Also, visual anomalies are common in children with intellectual disability, including impaired binocular vision (stereovision). We tested 27 children with intellectual disabilities, without any motor skills deficiency. Research was conducted at the Center for Education „Velika Gorica“ and elementary school „Nad Lipom“. For this research, we constructed Likert type scale to assess fine and gross motor proficiency. Also, we tested stereoacuity using Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols®. Our results has shown the relation between the degree of stereopsis development and levels of proficiency in fine and gross motor skills. This paper will contribute to encouraging new researches and the creation of specific programs for children with intellectual disabilities

Transsfenoidna encefalokela - prikaz slučaja

A case of a 32-year-old woman with transsphenoidal encephalocele is presented. Encephaloceles are congenital defects in the skull through which meninges and brain tissues herniate. Basal encephaloceles account for 1.5% of all encephaloceles and are found in 1:35,000 live births. Transsphenoidal basal encephaloceles are very rare, accounting for only 5% of all basal encephaloceles. The pituitary and surrounding structures are drawn into the encephalocele with visual and hormonal disturbances. Transsphenoidal encephalocele rarely occurs in adult patients. Our patient presented with right-sided headaches, episodes of impaired vision on the right eye, a feeling of oozing down the pharynx, and secondary amenorrhea. In childhood, she had been diagnosed with pituitary somatic retardation and treated by pediatrician with thyroid replacement therapy from age 5 to 8. Due to strong headache and suspicion of a pathologic disorder in the sellar region, MRI was performed to demonstrate a transsphenoidal encephalocele, sella structures placed in the right nasopharynx and chiasm of the optic nerve that was shifted caudally. Endocrinologic analysis revealed low levels of gonadotropins, antidiuretic hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1, with a decreased level of growth hormone.Prikazuje se slučaj tridesetdvogodišnje žene s transsfenoidnom encefalokelom. Encefalokele su rijetke kongenitalne anomalije lubanje u kojima dolazi do hernijacije moždanih ovojnica i mozga kroz koštane otvore. Bazalnih je encefalokela 1,5% od svih encefalokela, a učestalost im je 1:35.000 živorođene djece. Transsfenoidne encefalokele su vrlo rijetke i čine samo 5% bazalnih encefalokela. Hipofiza i okolne strukture spuštaju se u encefalokelu, a posljedica su poremećaji vida i razina hormona. Transsfenoidna encefalokela se rijetko javlja u odraslih osoba. Bolesnica je došla s desnostranim glavoboljama, ispadima slabijeg vida na desnom oku, osjećajem cijeđenja niz ždrijelo, te sekundarnom amenorejom. Anamnestični podaci otkrili su da joj je u djetinjstvu postavljena dijagnoza pituitarne somatske retardacije te joj je uvedena nadomjesna terapija hormonima štitnjače koju je primala od 5. do kraja 8. godine života. Zbog izrazitih glavobolja i sumnje na patološko zbivanje u selarnoj regiji učinjena je MR selarne regije koja je prikazala transsfenoidnu encefalokelu, strukture sele turcike spuštene prema desnom nazofarinksu i hijazmu optičkog živca pomaknutu kaudalno. Endokrinološkom obradom utvrđene su niske razine gonadotropina i antidiuretskog hormona te granično snižen hormon rasta uz nizak faktor rasta sličan inzulinu (IGF1)

Endocrinological outcomes of pure endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery: a Croatian Referral Pituitary Center experience

AIM: To analyze early remission, complications, and pituitary function recovery after pure endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (PEETS), a novel method in pituitary adenoma treatment. ----- METHODS: Testing of all basal hormone values and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed preoperatively and postoperatively (postoperative MRI only in nonfunctioning adenomas) in 117 consecutive patients who underwent PEETS in the period between 2007 and 2010. The series consisted of 21 somatotroph adenomas, 61 prolactinomas, and 4 corticotroph and 31 nonfunctioning adenomas. Sixty-three were macroadenomas and 54 were microadenomas. Remission was defined as hormonal excess normalization on the seventh postoperative day in functioning adenomas and as normal MRI findings approximately four months postoperatively in nonfunctioning adenomas. The presence of hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency, and hypothyroidism was assessed on the seventh postoperative day. Hypocortisolism was assessed through necessity for replacement therapy within 18 months postoperatively. ----- RESULTS: Remission was achieved in 84% of patients: in 100% of microadenoma and 70% of macroadenoma patients (P<0.001, odds ratio [OR], 28.16, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-491.36), respectively. Endocrinological complications occurred in 17.1% of patients: in 9% of microadenoma and 24% of macroadenoma patients (P=0.049, OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.03-9.08). Duration of empirical hydrocortisone replacement therapy was significantly shorter in microadenoma patients (P<0.001). Thirty-five percent of preoperatively present hormonal deficiencies improved after the surgery. Between tumor types there were no significant differences in remission, complications, and normal pituitary function recovery. ----- CONCLUSION: Patients with microadenomas had higher remission and lower complication rates following PEETS, emphasizing the necessity for early detection and treatment of pituitary adenomas. PEETS is a discussion-worthy method for microprolactinoma treatment

Panhipopituitarizam u 45-godišnje bolesnice: prikaz slučaja

A case of a 45-year-old woman with untreated panhypopituitarism is presented. Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder consisting of multiple deficiencies of hormones originating from the adenohypophysis. It is divided into primary and secondary. Primary disorders manifest at the pituitary level, whereas secondary hypopituitarism implies hypothalamic affection. Partial or total loss of all pituitary hormones is called panhypopituitarism. Hypopituitarism can be slow and insidious or severe and life-threatening. The expression of symptoms largely depends on the patient\u27s age and the hormones involved. The leading symptom is growth retardation when the disorder develops in childhood or puberty. Sometimes years may elapse without accurate diagnosis, as in the case described. To date, only a few cases of untreated hypopituitarism have been published. In our patient, clinical examination revealed short stature and weak osteomuscular constitution, primary amenorrhea and lack of development of secondary sex characteristics. The patient\u27s clinical history revealed signs of hypopituitarism from childhood, which had been untreated until she presented to our clinic. The results of complete testing showed the lack of all pituitary hormones and antidiuretic hormone, which was consistent with panhypopituitarism, including central diabetes insipidus.Prikazuje se slučaj 45-godišnje bolesnice s neliječenim panhipopituitarizmom. Hipopituitarizam je rijedak poremećaj koji obilježava manjak više hormona prednjega režnja hipofize. Može biti primaran ili sekundaran. Primarni poremećaji nastaju na razini hipofize, dok su sekundarni na razini hipotalamusa. Djelomičan ili potpun manjak svih hormona hipofize naziva se panhipopituitarizam. Tijek hipopituitarizma može biti spor i podmukao ili nagao i životno ugrožavajući. Izražajnost simptoma ovisi prvenstveno o dobi bolesnika te zahvaćenim hormonima. Vodeći simptom je zaostajanje u rastu, kada bolest zahvati bolesnika u djetinjstvu ili pubertetu. Ponekad može proći niz godina bez potpune dijagnoze, kao što je opisano i u naše bolesnice. Do danas je objavljeno svega nekoliko slučajeva neliječenog hipopituitarizma. Kliničkim pregledom naše bolesnice nađen je nizak rast i slaba osteomuskularna građa, primarna amenoreja i nerazvijene sekundarne spolne značajke. Anamnestički podaci otkrivaju sliku hipopituitarizma od dječje dobi, ali bolesnica nije liječena do dolaska u našu kliniku. Rezultati sveobuhvatne obrade pokazali su manjak svih hormona hipofize i antidiuretičnog hormona, što govori u prilog panhipopituitarizma, uključujući i centralni dijabetes insipidus

Tumor mozga kao prototip teškog moždanog oštećenja u bolesnika sa “sindromom niskog t3”

The purpose of our study was to contribute to better understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a valuable biological material in the research of brain tumors within the “low T3 syndrome”, and to discuss the role of thyroid hormones in the central nervous system in subjects with severe cerebral lesions. We studied the levels of total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and thyrotropin (TSH) in serum, and fT3, fT4, rT3 and TSH levels in CSF of patients with brain tumor, and compared the results with control group. Study results indicated a statistically significantly higher level of rT3 in serum and CSF of brain tumor patients vs. control group (p<0.05). The rT3/fT3 ratio was highest in CSF and serum of brain tumor patients, yielding a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). These results could suggest higher permeability of the blood brain barrier in brain tumor patients. We also assume that rT3, in the framework of “cerebral low T3 syndrome”, is also generated through local intracerebral conversion. Disruption of this process in severe cerebral lesion can lead to increased rT3 concentrations, i.e. development of the “low T3 syndrome”.Cilj studije bio je doprinijeti boljem poznavanju cerebrospinalne tekućine kao vrijednog biološkog materijala u istraživanju moždanih tumora i “sindroma niskog T3”, te razmotriti ulogu hormona štitnjače unutar središnjega živčanog sustava kod bolesnika s ozbiljnim moždanim oštećenjem. Analizirali smo razinu ukupnog trijodtironina (tT3), ukupnog tiroksina (tT4), slobodnog trijodtironina (fT3), slobodnog tiroksina (fT4), reverznog trijodtironina (rT3) i tireotropina (TSH) u serumu i razinu fT3, fT4, rT3 i TSH u cerebrospinalnoj tekućini u bolesnika s tumorom mozga te dobivene rezultate usporedili s kontrolnom skupinom ispitanika. Rezultati su ukazali na statistički značajno veću razinu rT3 u serumu i cerebrospinalnoj tekućini u bolesnika s tumorom mozga u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (p<0,05). Odnos rT3/fT3 bio je također statistički značajno veći kod bolesnika s tumorom mozga (p<0,05). Naše istraživanje moglo bi ukazivati na veću propustljivost krvno-moždane barijere u bolesnika s tumorom mozga. Također pretpostavljamo da se u bolesnika s tumorom mozga rT3 pojačano stvara kroz aktivniju intracerebralnu pretvorbu. Svakako, naši rezultati trebaju biti potvrđeni i daljnjim podrobnijim istraživanjima