123 research outputs found
Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Case Study of Korea Investment Corporation
Based on \u201cin-depth study\u201d, the aim of the paper is to investigate Korea Investment Corporation (KIC), a non-commodity Sovereign Wealth Fund, in order to analyze its investment strategies over the time (2005-2012) and evaluate any form of \u201cpolitical bias\u201d. Our results suggest that KIC pursues financial objectives, aiming to maximize the portfolio risk/return relationship, as it manages foreign excess reserves of those managed by Bank of Korea. We also argue that a form of \u2018internal political bias\u2019 affects investment process, as most of the financial resources are managed in-house. Overall, we support the hypothesis that in Korea Investment Corporation both financial and political objectives coexis
Sovereign wealth funds : Past, present and future
Author's accepted manuscript.Available from 16/11/2021.In this article, we conduct a meta-literature review of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), covering 184 articles from 2005 to 2019. Our meta-literature review consists of qualitative analysis of content using the NVivo software program and quantitative analyses of bibliometric citations using the HistCite and VOSviewer software programs. We identify three main research streams: (i) the overview and growth of SWFs, (ii) governance and political concerns regarding SWFs, and (iii) the investment strategies of SWFs. We identify the most influential aspects of the SWF literature, such as the leading countries, institutions, journals, authors, and articles. Finally, we propose 20 research questions based on the meta-literature review of sovereign wealth funds to set the future research agenda.acceptedVersio
Il ruolo dei fondi sovrani nei mercati finanziari: caratteristiche gestionali, implicazioni operative e problematiche regolamentari
La tesi di dottorato ha come obiettivo la comprensione e l’analisi del fenomeno dei “fondi sovrani”. Le motivazioni sottostanti alla scelta della tematica sono connesse alla consistente crescita che questi investitori istituzionali hanno registrato negli ultimi anni, in particolare a partire dal 2005, e al significativo impatto nei mercati finanziari che hanno avuto durante la crisi finanziaria originata dai mutui subprime, in relazione alla partecipazione alle numerose operazioni di ricapitalizzazione del sistema bancario europeo ed americano. L’approfondimento di tale tematica è inoltre interessante date le diverse opinioni degli accademici, economisti, dei media e dei politici con riferimento ai fondi sovrani: da alcuni infatti sono considerati come “barbarians at the gate”, ovvero barbari alle porte, che perseguono interessi politico-strategici ai fini di acquisire know how tecnologico attraverso partecipazioni di rilevanza in imprese operanti in settori strategici di Stati sviluppati, mentre da altri sono considerati come investitori istituzionali che gestiscono il loro portafoglio alla ricerca di obiettivi di carattere finanziario, ovvero la massimizzazione del binomio rischio/rendimento.
E proprio seguendo quest’ultima impostazione si è condotta l’analisi del fenomeno: in primis si è cercato di definire i fondi sovrani, dato che la comunità scientifica non è giunta alla determinazione di una definizione condivisa. Attraverso una review delle definizioni, si è arrivati ad una proposta definitoria che considera i fondi sovrani come particolari veicoli di investimento che:
1. Sono costituiti e controllati da uno Stato (anche a livello federale);
2. Raccolgono risorse finanziarie principalmente, ma non unicamente, attraverso trasferimenti di eccessi di riserve in valuta estera;
3. Possono avere passivitĂ ;
4. Hanno un’asset allocation e un orizzonte temporale estremamente diversificati a seconda degli obiettivi perseguiti.
Tale definizione da un lato consente di identificare un universo di 56 fondi sovrani, dall’altro evidenzia alcune peculiarità degli stessi rispetto ad altri intermediari finanziari: e proprio in ottica di raffronto con gli altri investitori istituzionali è stata condotta un’analisi delle scelte di portafoglio, dei meccanismi di governance e dei profili di ordine regolamentare dei fondi sovrani.
Particolare attenzione è stata posta all’indagine delle scelte di asset allocation strategica, geografica e settoriale dei veicoli di investimento governativi. Sotto il profilo metodologico è stata condotta una verifica empirica prima attraverso una review della letteratura, poi analizzando, ove disponibili, gli Annual Report e i siti internet dei fondi sovrani in modo da determinare l’asset allocation negli anni 2007-2011. Vi è da segnalare come tra l’universo dei 56 fondi sovrani, solo 36 hanno un sito internet e 17 hanno un Annual Report (nel 2011, mentre cala il numero se si retrocede con gli anni); infine sono stati seguiti i flussi di investimento dei veicoli di investimento governativi tra l’ultimo trimestre 2007 e l’ultimo trimestre 2008 in modo tale da verificare la presenza di un “political bias”.
Tale verifica ha dimostrato che i fondi sovrani perseguono obiettivi di carattere finanziario, tesi alla massimizzazione del rapporto rischio/rendimento (ancorchè subordinato ad obiettivi di carattere macro-istituzionale), ma che, in alcune circostanze, possono adottare logiche di natura politica (“political bias”), non presenti in altri investitori istituzionali; in particolare ciò si è verificato quando hanno partecipato consistentemente alle operazioni di ricapitalizzazione del sistema bancario occidentale nella prima parte dell’anno 2008 e quando hanno fornito liquidità ai sistemi finanziari domestici- soprattutto i fondo medio-orientali- nell’ultimo trimestre del medesimo anno.
In relazione alle scelte di portafoglio si è cercato di valutare anche un futuro impatto nei mercati finanziari, considerando da un lato la crescita del loro asset under management che si è verificata dal 2000 ad oggi, dall’altro la sempre maggior propensione ad investire in attività a maggior grado di rischio/rendimento (azioni, alternatives): l’investimento in tali asset class occupa in media più del 50% delle risorse finanziarie disponibili dei fondi di risparmio, dei Sovereign Pension Reserve Funds e delle reserve investment corporation e possono provocare variazioni nelle direzioni dei flussi di capitale nei mercati finanziari internazionali, ma anche problemi di corporate governance delle imprese partecipate se tali veicoli di investimento iniziano a comportarsi come soggetti attivi nella governance d’impresa.
Dal lato della regolamentazione, i fondi sovrani non sono soggetti ai medesimi requisiti di trasparenza, di diffusione di informazioni dei altri investitori istituzionali quali fondi pensione e fondi comuni di investimento, ma, per ora, possono aderire ad un codice di condotta volontario noto come “I principi di Santiago”, che promuove un incremento delle informazioni diffuse dai fondi sovrani in termini di composizione del portafoglio, asset under management, governance del fondo, attivismo/passivismo etc. Numerose sono state le proposte, da quelle minimali a quelle maggiormente invasive (come ad esempio la sospensione dei diritti di voto delle azioni detenute dai fondi sovrani stessi), data la natura governativa di tali veicoli di investimento, ma per il momento si è scelta la linea del codice di condotta volontario.
Oltre alla verifica empirica condotta con riferimento alla composizione del portafoglio, si è scelto di esaminare un caso di studio, il Korea Investment Corporation, dato che non è stato ancora analizzato dalla comunità scientifica. Tale fondo non-commodity, ovvero le cui risorse finanziarie provengono da trasferimenti di riserve in valuta estera in eccesso da parte della Banca Centrale, si è distinto principalmente per la composizione particolarmente aggressiva del suo portafoglio e per l’affidamento delle gestione di parte dell’asset under management a manager esterni. L’analisi è effettuata partendo dalla situazione economica della Corea del Sud e dal surplus di riserve generato dalla strategia di tipo export led che ha consentito la costituzione del fondo; successivamente sono stati estratti da Thomson Reuters alcuni dati che consentono di identificare l’asset allocation strategica, geografica e settoriale, ma anche le partecipazioni detenute in modo tale da identificarne lo stile di gestione. Da ultimo sono state analizzate le performance e i progressi in termini di trasparenza registrati dal fondo in esameThe growth in sovereign wealth funds’ (SWFs) assets under management has gone together with their increased relevance as investment vehicles on the international financial markets. This is par-ticularly true for the very recent years, i.e. from 2008 on, since the bursting of the subprime crisis made it almost necessary for many banks to recapitalize. SWFs’ investments in globally strategic sectors led many countries – that were the addressees of these investments – to protect themselves, given they thought SWFs were pursuing objectives different from what other institutional investors were looking at, i.e. the maximization of the well known risk/yield relationship.
Given the importance of SWFs as global investors, this paper aims at shedding light on their in-vestment strategies as governmental institutional investors, in order to clarify whether they act as other institutional investors – mutual funds, hedge funds and pension funds – or whether their un-said objectives are of a non-financial nature. In the latter case it may be justified to regulate this complex phenomenon.
In this paper an analysis of the strategic, tactic as well as geographical SWFs’ asset allocation will be conducted, aiming at i) verify whether they tend or not to an optimal asset allocation given their institutional objectives and time horizon, and ii) identify potential biases (home bias and political bias). Our dataset comprises 56 SWFs and we collected data from their annual reports and/or web-sites for the period December 2007-December 2010. This reference period has been chosen due to the fact that in 2007 many SWFs began disclosing information in a more ordered way, while in 2010 information is available for a still quite numerous set of SWFs, so that a comparison can be made. Moreover the 2007-2010 period takes into account the bursting of the subprime credit crisis, with its effects also on SWFs’ optimal asset allocation.
Firstly, the analysis of the benchmarks SWFs chose will be done, in order to ex-ante identify the in-vestment portfolio of an institutional investor. Secondly, the strategic asset allocation will be stud-ied to distinguish four asset classes, i.e. cash, bond, equity and alternatives. Finally, the existence of home bias and political bias (that is, political influence on the asset allocation decisions) will be in-vestigated.
The existing literature has studied SWFs in a fragmented way, focussing on different aspects. In first place, the asset allocation has been analysed: Balding (2008), Chhaochharia and Laeven (2008), Fernandez and Eschweiler (2008) have studied the portfolio of SWFs at a particular point in time, while Mercer (2008) found out that, given their institutional objectives, SWFs may be less risk-averse and invest in equity as well as alternatives, coherently with both equity risk premium and illiquidity premium. Kunzel et al. (2011) have studied the strategic asset allocation of SWFs before and after the subprime crisis, identifying four asset classes in both cases: cash, bond, equity and alternatives.
In the second place, some Authors tried to identify the political influence on investment decisions made by SWFs: for example, OECD (2009) compared the portfolios of 17 SWFs and of 25 mutual fund, the ones with the highest assets under management, and found out that this political bias real-ly has a very small impact on the investment decisions by SWFs. Balding (2008), Kotter and Lel (2008), Bortolotti et al. (2009) reached similar outcomes comparing SWFs and other institutional investors.
Finally, only few Authors postulated the importance of unsaid non-financial objectives: for exam-ple, Bernstein et. al (2009) showed that SWFs’ activity strongly depends on political pressures, par-ticularly when the Board of Directors is made up of politicians and the management of assets is not left to external managers. Instead, Chhaochharia and Laeven (2008) showed that SWFs invest more likely in countries with similar culture and religion.
Our paper contributes to the existing literature in three ways: firstly, it analyses SWFs asset alloca-tion in a broad sense, given that the existing literature has focused alternatively only on the portfolio at a particular point in time, on the comparison between portfolios in two different periods, or on the importance of political objectives. Secondly, we consider a broader time horizon (2007-2010) that takes into account, but is not strictly dependent only on, the subprime credit crisis: we can then identify a sort of structural trend in the asset allocation, not much influenced by conjuncture. Final-ly, we accurately test for the presence of political biases in portfolio management when particular macroeconomic aspects seem to influence SWFs’ optimal asset allocation.
Our results suggest that SWFs follow the same investment strategies chosen by other institutional investors and that their long-run asset allocation is optimal given their institutional objectives. In the short-run though they may deviate from the maximization of the well-known risk/yield relationship due to an asset management that does not take into account financial objectives. Given these prem-ises, we can say that SWFs are to be considered important institutional investors in the asset man-agement industry
Gli exchange-traded commodities: il caso natural gas
Recentemente \ue8 aumentato l\u2019interesse per gli investimenti in materie prime, principalmente in virt\uf9 della bassa correlazione con le altre principali asset classes e della natura di strumento copertura in periodi di crescita generalizzata dei prezzi delle materie prime. Analizzando un campione di contratti negoziati in Borsa Italiana riferiti a una specifica materia prima, il natural gas, si dimostra che le performance registrate dagli Exchange Traded Commodities (ETC) divergono, in modo anche significativo, dalle performance conseguite dal contratto future relativo alla commodity sottostante. Il rendimento degli ETC non \ue8 spiegato solo dall\u2019andamento del prezzo future, ma anche dalla particolare struttura della curva forward, oltre che da altre variabili quali il tasso di cambio e il rendimento del collaterale. L\u2019intrinseca complessit\ue0 tecnica rende questo strumento difficilmente comprensibile agli investitori retail, consigliando pertanto un intervento normativo volto ad accrescerne la trasparenza e renderne pi\uf9 agevole la comprensione da parte dei risparmiatori
Retrospective overview of the journal venture capital using bibliometric approach
The journal Venture Capital (VC) is a well-established highly reputed
academic outlet specializing in research on entrepreneurial finance
conducted from various methodological standpoints, on a global
basis. This study uses bibliometrics to analyze the journal’s impact,
prominent topics, most frequent authors, and their affiliated institutions.
Between 1999 and 2021, VC published 385 documents
receiving 9,892 citations. About 62% of VC papers have more than
10 citations each. Some of the notable themes which may offer
future scope for publications include crowdfunding platforms,
equity crowdfunding, government venture capital, private equity
firm and investment, entrepreneurial finance, market failure, and
female entrepreneurship
Phylogenetic and biogeographic history of brook lampreys (Lampetra: Petromyzontidae) in the river basins of the Adriatic Sea based on DNA barcode data.
The Adriatic brook lamprey, Lampetra zanandreai Vladykov 1955, was described from northeastern Italy. Its distribution is thought to include left tributaries of the River Po and the river basins of the Adriatic Sea from the River Po to the River Isonzo/Soča in Italy, Switzerland and Slovenia. It also shows a geographically isolated distribution in the Potenza River on the Adriatic slope in Central Italy. Lampetra from the Neretva River system in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Morača River system in Montenegro that were previously identified as L. zanandreai were recently described as a new species Lampetra soljani Tutman, Freyhof, Dulčić, Glamuzina & Geiger 2017 based on morphological data and a genetic distance between the two species of roughly 2.5% in the DNA barcoding gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Since DNA barcodes for L. zanandreai are only available for one population from the upper Po River in northwestern Italy, we generated additional COI nucleotide sequence data of this species from Switzerland, northeastern and central Italy comprising near topotypic material and obtained GenBank sequences of the species from Slovenia to better assess the evolutionary history of the two brook lamprey species in the river basins of the Adriatic Sea. Our data show a low sequence divergence of <1% between L. zanandreai from Switzerland, northeastern and central Italy and Slovenia and the Balkan species L. soljani. However, members of the population previously identified as 'L. zanandreai' from northwest Italy are genetically highly divergent from those of L. zanandreai and likely belong to an undescribed species, L. sp. 'upper Po'. The presence of a unique and highly divergent brook lamprey lineage in the upper Po River suggests that L. zanandreai and Lampetra sp. 'upper Po' may have evolved in separate paleo drainages during the formation of the modern Po Valley subsequent to marine inundations in the Pliocene
Bibliometric review on FDI attractiveness factors
acceptedVersio
Greenfield FDI attractiveness index: a machine learning approach
This study aims to propose a comprehensive greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) attractiveness index using exploratory factor analysis and automated machine learning (AML). We offer offer a robust empirical measurement of location-choice factors identified in the FDI literature through a novel method and provide a tool for assessing the countries' investment potential.publishedVersionPaid open acces
Greenfield FDI attractiveness index: a machine learning approach
Purpose – This study aims to propose a comprehensive greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) attractiveness index using exploratory factor analysis and automated machine learning (AML). We offer offer a robust empirical measurement of location-choice factors identified in the FDI literature through a novel method and provide a tool for assessing the countries’ investment potential. Design/methodology/approach – Based on five conceptual key sub-domains of FDI, We collected quantitative indicators in several databases with annual data ranging from 2006 to 2019. This study first run a factor analysis to identify the most important features. It then uses AML to assess the relative importance of each resultant factor and generate a calibrated index. AML computational algorithms minimize predictive errors, explore patterns in the data and make predictions in an empirically robust way. Findings – Openness conditions and economic growth are the most relevant factors to attract FDI identified in the study. Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malta and Ireland are the top five countries with the highest overall greenfield attractiveness index. This study also presents specific indices for the three sectors: energy, financial services, information and communication technology (ICT) and electronics. Originality/value – Existent indexes present deficiencies in conceptualization and measurement, lacking theoretical foundation, arbitrary selection of factors and use of limited linear models. This study’s index is developed in a robust three-stage process. The use of AML configures an advantage compared to traditional linear and additive models, as it selects the best model considering the predictive capacity of many models simultaneously
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