Resisting the violences of “market normalisation”: the importance of critical pedagogies for critical criminology

The neo‐liberal re‐positioning of the educational‐explorative realm to a vocational market‐confinement has already impacted quite heavily on the educational sector in England and Wales and is now being imposed on a European wide scale. However,global as well as European students’ protests illustrate that resistance to this ideology is gathering pace, and not only involves students and academics but also reaches wider parts of societies. This paper seeks to demonstrate the need for critical pedagogical practices that seek to sensitise students to the modes of current “conditions of domination”. It further suggests critical criminologists to foster and engage in a process of public, intellectual, and intercultural exchange of ideas about education and educational institutions away from merely rationalistic, one‐dimensional and profit‐orientated ambitions toward a multitude of exchanges about meanings and purposes of such important socio‐cultural and political institutions and processes that shape “subjectivities”, inter‐subjectivities and thus entire socio‐cultural and political spheres. Such processes and active engagements are crucial to the agenda of critical criminologists, and perhaps most importantly, vital to the continued existence of a critical criminology that understands itself as proper ideology critique

The social construction of "Sadomasochism" : subjugated knowledges and the broader social meanings of this bodily practice

The central ideas of this critical criminological thesis on the social construction of "Sadomasochism" are informed by Michel Foucault's politization of "truth" and "body" and represent an attempt to engage in politics of difference'(Sawicki.l991)in order to appreciate the contemporary expansion of the body practice' of consensual SM'.In order to avoid the traditional dualism of mind/body which 'haunts' much of feminist and deconstructionist accounts on ' sexuality'.my thesis draws on Merleau-Pontv's notion of' lived body'.The ' Spanner'-case[R.v.Brown: 1992-93 Jand the following decision of the European Court of Human Rights (19.2.1997)are taken as a point of departure in order to explore the relationship between legitimised concepts of 'bodv-practice' and the now legallv restricted 'body-practice' of consensual 'SM'.The first chapter of this thesis attempts to defamiliarize the social constructions of' sexuality' and 'Sadomasochism' as well as the "body' and 'pain' as these are 'normalising' concepts of'truth'. In this context the exploration of the meanings of 'body' and 'sexuality' in contemporary consumer culture is crucial as the criminalisation of consensual ' SM' which involves woundings that are not' trifling or transient' is based on the protection of health' of the bodies' involved. The following chapter focuses on the empirical research on consensual' SM'-bodv-practice which I conducted within a mainly qualitative research-framework and an interactionist emphasis on meaning during 1996/97 in London and thus provides space for the'subjugated knowledges' of this consensual body-practice'.The exposure of socially legitimized powerelationships which are in many ways contradicted by the realities of "Sadomasochism" is the aim of chapter four of this thesis. Within this chapter I attempt to point out several contradictions of constructed meaning that the social construction of 'Sadomasochism' serves to keep hidden via its function of 'Other'. The project of deconstruction thus not only implies the deconstruction of concepts but also aims to expose:"...the problems which reside in the endeavour to keep meaning pure.to say 'just this' and not 'that'.because 'just this' always depends on 'that' which it is not."(Naffine.l997.p.89) Chapter five reflects upon the empirical data and attempts to outline the potential broader social meanings of the rising interest in the consensual bodily practice'of 'SM' within contemporary postmodern' consumer culture.Chapter six offers an insight and exploration of the to my knowledge not vet empirically researched upon spiritual dimension of consensual 'Sadomasochism' and introduces the notion of transcendence. Apart from the evaluation of the results of a questionnaire on this topic.diverse examples of other historical spiritual practices.The conclusion of this thesis attempts to offer an alternative reading of the bodily practice' of consensual 'SM' as a potential 'practice of resistance' and also explores its potential relevance in connection to Foucault's notion of the care of oneself

Nous Accusons - Revisiting Foucault's comments on the role of the 'specific intellectual' in the context of increasing processes of Gleichschaltung in Britain

In the late nineteenth century, Emile Zola felt the urge and intellectual responsibility to challenge the unethical, unjust and oppressive operation of the French Republic, and wrote an open letter to the President of the Republic entitled ‘J’accuse’. The publication of this open letter led to the formulation of the Manifeste des intellectuals (1897) that demands a non-party space for the expression of an ethically guided politics. ‘J’accuse’ has become a generic symbol for the voicing of resistance against governmental forms of oppression. On the basis of a re-reading of Foucault’s understanding of the ‘specific intellectual’ (Foucault, 1977 and 1980), this article suggests that we need a non-party space for the public expression of ethically governed politics. The article explores some parallels that can be drawn between the historical phenomenon of Gleichschaltung in Nazi Germany and contemporary politics in Britain. While it is aknowledged that the ultimate goals and the ‘legitimating’ ideological frameworks operating in both regimes are very different, various elements of the processes involved in the establishment, maintenance and extension of control over the populace as well as the increasing muting of resistance show remarkable similarities. Paying particular attention to policy and practice in relation to housing, education and “crime control,” contemporary Britain is revealed as characterized by  processes that have so far resulted in opportunistic conformity being the reigning norm of a societal life in which former notions of freedom, civil rights and self-government have become increasingly undermined

Soziale Bedingungen subjektiver Prekaritätswahrnehmungen

Soziokulturelle und sozioökonomische Destandardisierungs- und Flexibilisierungsprozesse lassen in westlichen Gesellschaften seit den 1980er Jahren vermeintliche Normalitäten individueller Lebens- und Arbeitsformen brüchig werden. Vor allem die multiplen Entgrenzungen im Bereich der Arbeitswelt – etwa mit Blick auf Erwerbsformen, soziale Sicherungsansprüche und soziale Mobilität – werden soziologisch seit geraumer Zeit im Rahmen der Prekaritätsforschung diskutiert und problematisiert. Neben den hieraus erwachsenen objektiven sozialen Risiken wird auch auf die subjektiven Wahrnehmungs- und Verarbeitungsformen unsicherer Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnisse fokussiert. Trotz einer Vielzahl empirischer Erkenntnisse bleibt die Theoretisierung des Zusammenhangs der objektiven Lebenslagen und Arbeitsbedingungen einerseits sowie deren subjektiver Deutung und Wahrnehmung andererseits bislang weitgehend unklar. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift diese „Theorielücke“ auf und beleuchtet theoretisch-konzeptionelle Anknüpfungspunkte der Arbeits- und Ungleichheitssoziologie. Dabei wird der Fokus auf die Arbeiterbewusstseins- und Subjektivierungsforschung sowie Bourdieus Habitus- und Feldtheorie gelegt. Der Beitrag legt jeweils Grundüberlegungen der Ansätze dar und fragt nach der zugrundeliegenden Theoretisierung des Makro-Mikro-Links. Durch eine Diskussion der Schwachstellen und Mehrwerte der jeweiligen Ansätze werden so Anknüpfungspunkte für die zukünftige Forschung zu subjektiver Prekarität aufgezeigt

Moderne Materialien und Konstruktionen

MODERNE MATERIALIEN UND KONSTRUKTIONEN Moderne Materialien und Konstruktionen / Pufke, Andrea (Rights reserved) ( -

Validation of the newly developed Advanced Practice Nurse Task Questionnaire: A national survey.

AIM To describe psychometric validation of the newly developed Advanced Practice Nurse Task Questionnaire. DESIGN Cross-sectional quantitative study. METHODS The development of the questionnaire followed an adapted version of the seven steps described in the guide by the Association for Medical Education in Europe. A nationwide online survey tested the construct and structural validity and internal consistency using an exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and a Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the hypotheses. RESULTS We received 222 questionnaires between January and September 2020. The factor analysis produced a seven-factor solution as suggested in Hamric's model. However, not all item loadings aligned with the framework's competencies. Cronbach's alpha of factors ranged between .795 and .879. The analysis confirmed the construct validity of the Advanced Practice Nurse Task Questionnaire. The tool was able to discriminate the competencies of guidance and coaching, direct clinical practice and leadership across the three advanced practice nurse roles clinical nurse specialist, nurse practitioner or blended role. CONCLUSION A precise assessment of advanced practice nurse tasks is crucial in clinical practice and in research as it may be a basis for further refinement, implementation and evaluation of roles. IMPACT The Advanced Practice Nurse Task Questionnaire is the first valid tool to assess tasks according to Hamric's model of competencies independently of the role or the setting. Additionally, it distinguishes the most common advanced practice nurse roles according to the degree of tasks in direct clinical practice and leadership. The tool may be applied in various countries, independent of the degree of implementation and understanding of advanced nursing practice. REPORTING METHOD The STARD 2015 guideline was used to report the study. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution

Preliminary Investigation of Side Effects of Polymyxin B Administration in Hospitalized Horses

Neuro- and nephrotoxicity of polymyxins are known but clinical studies in horses are lacking. The aim of this study was to describe neurogenic and nephrogenic side effects of hospitalized horses receiving Polymyxin B (PolyB) as part of their treatment plan. Twenty horses diagnosed with surgical colic (n = 11), peritonitis (n = 5), typhlocolitis (n = 2), pneumonia, and pyometra (each n = 1) were included. Antimicrobial treatment was randomized to GENTA (gentamicin 10 mg/kg bwt q24 h IV, penicillin 30.000 IU/kg q6 h IV) or NO GENTA (marbofloxacin 2 mg/kg bwt q24 h IV, penicillin 30.000 IU/kg q6 h IV). The duration of PolyB treatment ranged from 1 to 4 days. Clinical and neurological examinations were performed, and serum PolyB concentrations were measured daily during and three days following PolyB treatment. Urinary analysis, plasma creatinine, urea and SDMA were assessed every other day. Video recordings of neurological examinations were graded by three blinded observers. All horses showed ataxia during PolyB treatment in both groups (median maximum ataxia score of 3/5, range 1–3/5). Weakness was detected in 15/20 (75%) horses. In 8/14 horses, the urinary γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT)/creatinine ratio was elevated. Plasma creatinine was mildly elevated in 1/16 horses, and SDMA in 2/10 horses. Mixed-model analysis showed a significant effect of time since last PolyB dose (p = 0.0001, proportional odds: 0.94) on the ataxia score. Ataxia and weakness should be considered as reversible adverse effects in hospitalized horses receiving PolyB. Signs of tubular damage occurred in a considerable number of horses; therefore, the nephrotoxic effect of polymyxins should be considered and urinary function monitored

A combined cryo-EM and molecular dynamics approach reveals the mechanism of ErmBL-mediated translation arrest

Nascent polypeptides can induce ribosome stalling, regulating downstream genes. Stalling of ErmBL peptide translation in the presence of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin leads to resistance in Streptococcus sanguis. To reveal this stalling mechanism we obtained 3.6-angstrom-resolution cryo-EM structures of ErmBL-stalled ribosomes with erythromycin. The nascent peptide adopts an unusual conformation with the C-terminal Asp10 side chain in a previously unseen rotated position. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, the structures indicate that peptide-bond formation is inhibited by displacement of the peptidyl-tRNA A76 ribose from its canonical position, and by non-productive interactions of the A-tRNA Lys11 side chain with the A-site crevice. These two effects combine to perturb peptide-bond formation by increasing the distance between the attacking Lys11 amine and the Asp10 carbonyl carbon. The interplay between drug, peptide and ribosome uncovered here also provides insight into the fundamental mechanism of peptide-bond formation

Clinical Relevance of Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Comparison with Percutaneous and Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy

Background. Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is frequently used to obtain liver specimens in high-risk patients. However, TJLB sample size possibly limits their clinical relevance. Methods. 102 patients that underwent TJLB were included. Clinical parameters and outcome of TJLB were analyzed. Control samples consisted of 112 minilaparoscopic liver biopsies (mLLBs) and 100 percutaneous liver biopsies (PLBs). Results. Fewer portal tracts were detected in TJLB (4.3 ± 0.3) in comparison with PLB (11.7 ± 0.5) and mLLB (11.0 ± 0.6). No difference regarding the specification of indeterminate liver disease and staging/grading of chronic hepatitis was observed. In acute liver failure (n = 32), a proportion of hepatocellular necrosis beyond 25% was associated with a higher rate of death or liver transplantation. Conclusions. Despite smaller biopsy samples the impact on the clinical decision process was found to be comparable to PLB and mLLB. TJLB represents a helpful tool to determine hepatocellular necrosis rates in patients with acute liver failure