Tannin quantification and chemical-energetic characterization of biomass residues of Bertholletia spp. and Lecythis’ spp. fruits

Biomass residues originated from agroforestry systems has been demonstrating great usage potential for the pharmaceutical, textile and energy industries. In the Amazon region, the use of these materials can stimulate the sustainable economic development of extractive communities and agroforestry systems. However, for a better use of this material, it is necessary to quantify and qualify the chemical components present in these residues. Keeping that in mind, our research aimed to quantify the presence of condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and to chemically and energetically characterize the Bertholletia excelsa and Lecythis pisonis’ fruit residues, with the intent to assess the usage potential for this biomass resource in different industries. The studied material was collected from local extractives and merchants. Tannin quantification was performed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and the total values of extractives, lignin and holocellulose were also quantified. The energy potential was determined by the variables of apparent density, gravimetric yield, superior calorific power and charcoal’s immediate chemistry (the charcoal was produced at 450 ºC). The associations between variables were determined by a linear correlation. The TLC for condensed tannin was positive for B. excelsa. As for the TLC of hydrolysable tannins, the results were negative for both materials. The high levels of lignin and extractives in fruit’s residues of both species demonstrate the energy potential of this material. Our results may favor the use of B. excelsa’s residues for the production of polymers and adhesives, as well as other non-wood residues with high content of lignin, fixed carbon and calorific power in energetic products.Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa; Lecythis pisonis; Brazillian chestnut; tannins; biomass residues from agroforestry systems.

INVENTÁRIO QUALI-QUANTITATIVO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO VIÁRIA DE UM TRECHO DA RODOVIA PA-275 NO MUNICÍPIO DE PARAUAPEBAS-PA

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente a arborização viária de um trecho da rodovia PA – 275 no município de Parauapebas-PA, caracterizando e fornecendo subsídios para um adequado planejamento arbóreo. Através de um inventário tipo censo, foi realizado diagnóstico no qual foram coletados dados como: nome comum da espécie, família botânica, ocorrência natural (nativa ou exótica) e conflitos das árvores com a rede elétrica. Foram inventariados 884 indivíduos de porte arbóreo, distribuídos em 28 espécies e 14 famílias botânicas. As espécies mais ocorrentes no estudo foram Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Acacia mearnsii e Mangifera indica. Na identificação das espécies, verificou-se que a arborização é composta por 46% de espécies nativas e 54 % de exóticas. A vegetação do trecho diagnosticado mostrou poucos conflitos com a rede elétrica e elevado número de podas. Quanto ao sistema radicular e a qualidade sanitária das árvores, os resultados foram satisfatórios, visto que grande parte dos indivíduos não causam danos às calçadas e são considerados adequados para arborização urbana. O elevado número de espécies exóticas e a baixa diversidade florística é um aspecto negativo que pode ser melhorado a partir de um programa de enriquecimento utilizando espécies nativas para aumentar a diversidade de espécies.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ENERGÍA DE Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis PLANTADA EN EL OESTE DE PARÁ

Há ausência de informações sobre as características energéticas do carvão de eucaliptos plantados na região Amazônica. Não há pesquisas que definam parâmetros adequados para estes novos materiais visando os principais indicadores de qualidade energética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização energética do carvão de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis proveniente de plantio na região de Monte Alegre, no oeste do estado do Pará. Foram utilizadas amostras de madeira de árvores de Eucalyptus urograndis com nove anos, carbonizadas a 500ºC e a 1,7ºC.min-1. Avaliou-se o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão, densidade aparente, poder calorífico superior e teores de carbono fixo, materiais voláteis e cinzas. Verificou-se a existência de potencial da espécie baseando-se nas características avaliadas.           PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Eucalyptus urograndis, Plantios, Parâmetros de qualidade.There is no information on the energetic characteristics of eucalyptus coal planted in the Amazon region. There are no studies that define suitable parameters for these new materials aiming at the main indicators of energy quality. The objective of this work was to perform the energy characterization of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis charcoal coming from planting in the region of Monte Alegre, western Pará State. Wood samples from Eucalyptus urograndis trees at nine years of age, carbonized at 500ºC and at 1.7°C.min-1. It was evaluated the gravimetric yield in coal, apparent density, higher calorific value and fixed carbon contents, volatile materials and ashes. The existence of potential of the species was verified based on the characteristics evaluated. KEYWORDS: Eucalyptus urograndis, Plantations, Quality parameters.  Falta información sobre las características energéticas del carbón de eucalipto plantado en la región amazónica. No existe ninguna investigación que defina parámetros adecuados para estos nuevos materiales, apuntando a los principales indicadores de calidad energética. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la caracterización energética del carbón vegetal de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis desde la siembra en la región de Monte Alegre, en el oeste del estado de Pará. Se utilizaron muestras de madera de árboles de Eucalipto urograndis de nueve años, carbonizados a 500ºC. y a 1.7ºC.min-1. Se evaluó el rendimiento gravimétrico en carbón, densidad aparente, mayor valor calorífico y contenido de carbono fijo, materiales volátiles y cenizas. La existencia del potencial de la especie se verificó con base en las características evaluadas.PALABRAS CLAVES: Eucalyptus urograndis, Plantaciones, Parámetros de calidad

CARACTERIZAÇÃO E CORRELAÇÃO ESTATÍSTICA ENTRE AS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E MECÂNICAS DO CARVÃO DE CLONES DE Eucalyptus e Corymbia

The study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of charcoal from eucalyptus clones by principal component analysis and demonstrate the relationships between these properties, in order to assess which charcoal property should aimed in the process to obtain a higher quality product. In this way, was cut eight clones of Eucalyptus and two of Corymbia, collecting three trees per clone and five disk in different heights. The disks were transformed into test samples, totaling an average of 75 samples per clones, which were carbonized under specific conditions for analysis of apparent density, compressive strength parallel to grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to high temperature. It is noteworthy that the data were weighted by disk and per tree, to an average closer to reality. For correlations, was used multivariate analysis of principal components. Herein, it is found that the apparent density of charcoal acts as the focal point of the other properties studied, and observed that as the higher the density, higher will be the compressive strength parallel to grain, the elastic modulus and the gravimetric yield.O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do carvão de clones de eucalipto por análise de componentes principais e demonstrar as correlações entre essas propriedades, a fim de avaliar qual propriedade de carvão deve ser almejada no processo para obter um produto de alta qualidade. Desta forma, foram cortados oito clones de Eucalyptus e dois de Corymbia, coletando três árvores por clone e cinco discos em diferentes alturas. Os discos foram transformados em amostras para ensaio, totalizando uma média de 75 amostras por clones, que foram carbonizados sob condições específicas para a análise da densidade aparente, compressão paralela às fibras e degradação linear e volumétrica devido à alta temperatura. Vale ressaltar que os dados foram ponderados pelo disco e por árvore, para a uma média mais próxima da realidade. Para as correlações, foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais. Nisto, verificou-se a ação da densidade aparente do carvão como o ponto focal das outras propriedades estudadas e observou-se que quanto maior a densidade, maior será a força de compressão paralela à grã, o módulo de elasticidade e o rendimento gravimétrico

PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND ENERGETIC PROPERTIES OF Tachigali chrysophylla UNDER DIFFERENTS FINAL CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURES

The charcoal production from wood wastes is a viable and suitable alternative to income Amazon region. However, it is necessary to define the best parameters for the optimization of production. The aim was  to  study the effect of three final temperatures (300, 400 and 500ºC) in physical, mechanical and energetic properties of wood waste charcoal of Tachigali chrysophylla. The material was collected in an area under second cutting cycle forest management in the Amazon. Branch waste of three trees were cut in 20x20x40mm³ samples and carbonized at different final temperatures at 1.6°C.min-1. The apparent density, mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity at parallel compression, gravimetric yield on charcoal and the higher heating value were  determined. The data were analyzed with p<0.05. The final temperature affected the evaluated charcoal properties . The temperature of 500ºC is indicated when  a charcoal with high mechanical strength at parallel compression and higher heating value is aimed. When the objective are higher apparent density and gravimetric yield in charcoal, the final temperature of 300ºC should be used

Influence of Wood Physical Properties on Charcoal from Eucalyptus spp.

ABSTRACT The use of wood in the form of charcoal for energy production, has great economic importance in Brazil. In this context, the study of variables and mechanisms that affect charcoal quality is essential. The present study aimed to verify the influence of some physical properties of Eucalyptus wood on the quality and yield of the produced bioreducer. We used three commercial Eucalyptus clones, cultivated for use in the steel industry, determining wood density and shrinkage, density and immediate chemistry of the charcoal produced and the charcoal gravimetric yield. The data was submitted to Pearson’s correlation analysis. Correlations between wood density and apparent charcoal density as well as charcoal ash content were observed. All clones presented characteristics suitable for the production of charcoal for the steel industry, with emphasis on the hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis

Wood from Forest Residues: Technological Properties and Potential Uses of Branches of Three Species from Brazilian Amazon

Branch wood presents potential volumetry that may have several applications, and its use may improve forest management efficiency in the Amazon. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of branch wood when compared to the stem or what its potential applications might be, considering the possible variability of wood formation in branches. This study aimed to characterize physically and mechanically the branch wood of Dipteryx odorata, Hymenolobium petraeum and Hymenaea courbaril and to compare them with their respective stems. No significant statistical differences were observed for the basic density between the branch and stem woods. The branch wood of Dipteryx odorata and Hymenaea courbaril showed a lower coefficient of anisotropy (1.23 and 1.99, respectively) than the stem wood (1.62 and 2.49, respectively). D. odorata showed similar mechanical properties between the branch and stem, except for hardness, while H. petraeum and H. courbaril branch wood showed lower strengths when compared to the stem wood for all mechanical tests, except for the shear strength test. Branch wood has similar potential uses to stem wood and can be used for non-structural purposes such as small artifacts, decorative items, furniture, tools and panels composed of short, glued pieces

Wood from Forest Residues: Technological Properties and Potential Uses of Branches of Three Species from Brazilian Amazon

Branch wood presents potential volumetry that may have several applications, and its use may improve forest management efficiency in the Amazon. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of branch wood when compared to the stem or what its potential applications might be, considering the possible variability of wood formation in branches. This study aimed to characterize physically and mechanically the branch wood of Dipteryx odorata, Hymenolobium petraeum and Hymenaea courbaril and to compare them with their respective stems. No significant statistical differences were observed for the basic density between the branch and stem woods. The branch wood of Dipteryx odorata and Hymenaea courbaril showed a lower coefficient of anisotropy (1.23 and 1.99, respectively) than the stem wood (1.62 and 2.49, respectively). D. odorata showed similar mechanical properties between the branch and stem, except for hardness, while H. petraeum and H. courbaril branch wood showed lower strengths when compared to the stem wood for all mechanical tests, except for the shear strength test. Branch wood has similar potential uses to stem wood and can be used for non-structural purposes such as small artifacts, decorative items, furniture, tools and panels composed of short, glued pieces

CHARACTERIZATION AND STATISTICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN CHARCOAL’S PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Eucalyptus AND Corymbia CLONES

The study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of charcoal from eucalypt clones by principal component analysis and demonstrate the relationships between these properties, in order to assess which charcoal property should aimed in the process to obtain a higher quality product. In this way, was cut eight clones of Eucalyptus and two of Corymbia , collecting three trees per clone and five disk in different heights. The disks were transformed into test samples, totaling an average of 75 samples per clones, which were carbonized under specific conditions for analysis of apparent density, compressive strength parallel to grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to high temperature. It is noteworthy that the data were weighted by disk and per tree, to an average closer to reality. For correlations, was used multivariate analysis of principal components. Herein, it is found that the apparent density of charcoal acts as the focal point of the other properties studied, and observed that as the higher the density, higher will be the compressive strength parallel to grain, the elastic modulus and the gravimetric yield

The Legal Roundwood Market in the Amazon and Its Impact on Deforestation in the Region between 2009–2015

Brazil is one of the largest producers of tropical wood in the world. Much of this wood is extracted from the Amazon region, especially in the state of Pará. Despite empirical knowledge, there is little information in the literature about the selectivity of trade and how this production has been behaving in recent years. Is there any relationship between this legal timber trade and deforestation? In this work, we compile data reports from control agencies and analyze the dynamics of the legal timber market in the state of Pará between 2009 and 2015 in terms of species, volume, and monetary value. We also correlate changes in volume m−3 and value m−3 with deforestation increase in the same period and region. We find that only ten groups of species represent almost 50% of the total timber volume marketed in the State, mainly from the Massaranduba (Manilkara) group. According to our models, the supply of a species of wood on the market is defined by its monetary value and not by its availability or characteristics, which hinders the insertion of new species and increases selectivity. Since 2011 the volume of legally traded logs has been decreasing sharply. Traditional forest regions in the state already demonstrate depletion in forested areas. While others, such as the lower Amazon region, have been increasing production, showing that new forestry operations areas are being used for harvesting in the function of the lower availability in traditional areas. Our models show that the legal reduced impact logging timber volume has an inverse relationship with the deforestation increase. Otherwise, preference for a small group of timber types still predominates, which may lead local woods to the danger of extinction