Cultivars of sweet cassava and harvest age: agricultural assessment and suitability for minimum processing.

A colheita da mandioca de mesa geralmente é definida pelo preço de mercado, mesmo sabendo que existe mandioca de mesa precoce, semi-precoce e tardia. Isso pode resultar em rendimentos insatisfatórios. Cultivar de mandioca de mesa pouco estudada como a cv. Mossoró, pode ser uma alternativa de cultivo em relação àquelas comercializadas no Sertão do Pajeú, como as cvs. Rosinha e Recife, desde que adequado a idade ideal de colheita. Em todo o caso, essas cultivares, não se faz destino ao processamento mínimo. Para se obter novos formatos denominados de ‘minimacaxeiras’ é necessário adequar procedimentos de processamento mínimo utilizando torneadora, como também, a sistematização da imersão em água fria, haja visto, que a imersão em água fria pode facilitar o descasque. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar características agronômicas; de qualidade e culinárias; adequar procedimentos no processamento mínimo e conservação de mandioca de mesa minimamente processada de diferentes cultivares e idades de colheita no Semiárido Pernambucano. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, UFRPE, no período de março de 2011 a maio de 2012. No plantio, manivas das cultivares ‘Mossoró’, ‘Rosinha’ e ‘Recife’ de aproximadamente 15 cm de comprimento, foram plantadas em uma densidade de 16.666 plantas/ha-1. Todas as plantas presentes na área útil foram colhidas aos 8, 10, 12 e 14 meses após plantio e transportadas para o Núcleo do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal da UFRPE-UAST. Foram pesadas, lavadas e resfriadas por 24 horas. Após esse período foram cortadas em ‘toletes’, imersas por 0, 5 e 30 minutos, descascadas, cortadas para a obtenção do ‘meio-tolete’. Foram torneadas por 30, 60 e 120 segundos, obtendo-se o formato denominado de ‘Rubiene’. Em seguida, os pedaços de ‘Rubiene’ foram sanitizados em solução clorada (Dicloroisocianurato de Sódio Dihidratado) a 200 mg L-1 de cloro por 10 minutos e a 5 mg L-1 por 10 minutos, centrifugados por 60 segundos a 2800 rpm; embalados em sacos de polipropileno de 150 x 100 mm e 0,4 μm de espessura; selados e conservados a 5 ± 2 ºC por 11 dias em expositor refrigerado. A cv. Mossoró se destacou em algumas avaliações agronômicas relacionadas à produtividade como: Massa Seca da Raiz, Estande Final, Produtividade e Números de Raízes. Assim, a cv. Mossoró foi aquela que mais produziu nas condições estudadas, podendo ser uma alternativa para cultivos para pequenos agricultores do sertão do Pajeú. Quando se tratou de processamento mínimo, a imersão em água fria por 5 minutos, antes do descasque, resultou em rapidez no descasque apenas se colhida aos 10 meses para as cvs. Mossoró e Recife. No caso da cv. Rosinha a imersão não resultou em ganho significativo na agilidade no descasque, independente do tempo de colheita. O aumento no tempo de torneamento proporcionou menor rendimento agroindustrial, diminuiu o tempo de cocção, desde que colhido aos 10 meses e minimizou o escurecimento. Assim, o torneamento por 60 segundos foi considerado mais adequado. O avanço na idade de colheita, aumentou a produtividade, facilitou o descasque, aumentou o rendimento e contribuiu para menores temperaturas na colheita e nas etapas do processamento mínimo, quando a referida colheita coincidiu com épocas menos quente do ano. Além disso, aumentou os sólidos solúveis, o tempo de cocção e tornou as ‘minimacaxeiras’ menos suscetíveis ao escurecimento. Assim, colheita realizada aos 14 meses resultaram em produtividades satisfatórias e foi mais adequada ao processamento mínimo nas condições estudadas.The harvest of sweet cassava is usually set by the market price, even though there being early, semi-early and late sweet cassava. This can result in unsatisfactory yields. Cultivars of sweet cassava little studied as cv. Mossoró may be an alternative crop compared to those sold in the Sertão do Pajeú such as cvs. Rosinha and Recife since proper to the appropriate harvest age. In any case, these cultivars are no intended for minimum processing. To get new shapes called 'minimacaxeiras' is required to adapt the minimal processing procedures using “turner”, as well as the systematic immersion in cold water, since such immersion in cold water can facilitate peeling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, quality and culinary; adequate procedures in the minimum processing and preservation of minimally processed sweet cassava cultivars and from different harvest ages in the Semiarid of Pernambuco. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, UFRPE, from March 2011 to May 2012. In planting, cuttings of the cultivars' Mossoró ', Rosinha' and 'Recife' of approximately 15 cm in length, were planted at a density of 16,666 plants/ha-1. All plants present in the area were harvested at 8, 10, 12 and 14 months after planting and transported to the Center of the Graduate Program in Plant Production UFRPE-UAST. They were weighed, cleaned and cooled for 24 hours. After this period, they were cut into "oarlocks", immersed for 0, 5 and 30 minutes, peeled, cut to obtain the 'half-oarlock'. They were shaped by 30, 60 and 120 seconds, yielding the shape called 'Rubiene'. Then, the pieces of 'Rubiene' were sanitized with chlorine solution (dihydrate sodium dichloroisocyanurate) 200 mg L-1 of chlorine per 10 minutes and 5 mg L-1 for 10 minutes, centrifuged for 60 seconds at 2800 rpm; packaged in polypropylene bags 150 x 100 mm and 0.4 μm thick, sealed and stored at 5 ± 2º C for 11 days in refrigerated display. The cv. Mossoró excelled in some agronomic evaluations related to productivity as: Root Dry Mass, Final Stand, Yield and Numbers of Roots. Thus, cv. Mossoró was the one that most produced under the studied conditions and may be alternative crop for small farmers in the Sertão do Pajeú. Concerning to the minimal processing, immersion in cold water for 5 minutes before peeling, resulted in speed for peeling only when harvested at 10 months for the cvs. Mossoró and Recife. In the case of cv. Rosinha, immersion resulted in no significant gain in agility for peeling, regardless of the harvest period. The increased in turning time promoted lower agroindustrial yield, reduced the cooking time, since harvested at 10 months and minimized the browning. Thus, turning by 60 seconds was deemed most appropriate. The advance in harvesting age increased the productivity, facilitated the peeling, increased the yield and contributed to lower temperatures at harvest and minimum processing stages when that harvest coincided with cooler seasons of the year. Additionally, increased soluble solids, the cooking time and became the 'minimacaxeiras' less susceptible to browning. Thus, the harvest taken at 14 months resulted in satisfactory yields and it was more suited to the minimal processing conditions studied

INOCULAÇÃO E ADUBAÇÃO MINERAL NA CULTURA DO FEIJÃO - CAUPI EM LATOSSOLOS DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL

The cowpea is a leguminous of great importance for human consumption, providing a source of protein for most of urban population of northern Brazil, therefore the aim of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of strains of Bradyrhizobium out in association with phosphate and potassium fertilization (PK) in cowpea at the field level in the municipality of Capitão Poço - PA. Two experiments were carried out in randomized blocks with four replications, consisting of five treatments, being two strains of Bradyrhizobium - BR 3262 and BR 3267, a treatment only with PK, another one with NPK in the formulation (10-28-20) and a control. It was evaluated the grain yield, the number of pods and weight of 100 seeds. Fertilization with phosphorus and potassium represented a significant increase in the yield of cowpea, however inoculation with both strains did not increase production

Avaliação de cultivares de mandioca de mesa em diferentes idades de colheita

Oriundas de uma planta perene, as raízes mandioca de mesa são colhidas quando seu desenvolvimento e qualidade atendem aos padrões de mercado, e proporcionam bom rendimento aos agricultores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características agronômicas de cultivares de mandioca de mesa em diferentes idades de colheita. O trabalho foi conduzido na área experimental da Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil, no período de março 2011 a maio 2012. No plantio, foram utilizadas manivas de 15cm de comprimento, plantadas na densidade de 16.666 plantas/ha. As colheitas foram realizadas aos 8, 10, 12 e 14 meses após plantio. A cultivar Mossoró se destacou entre as demais quanto a produtividade, massa seca da raiz, estande final, produtividade e números de raízes. As colheitas das raízes aos 12 e 14 meses de idade, resultaram em maiores produtividades

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora