Phenolic compounds and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activities of Serjania erecta Radlk. (Sapindaceae)

Serjania erecta Radlk.(Sapindaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Brazil. We assayed the ethanolic extract of leaves and roots against seven microorganisms. The REMA (Resazurin Microtiter Assay) assay was used to measure the biological activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and our results showed moderate activity of the ethanolic extract. On the other hand S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. setubal, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae and E. coli revealed that the leaves and roots of S. erecta inhibited the growth of all microorganisms. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots showed low values of antioxidant activities. The ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots were analyzed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. (-)-Epicatechin, kaempferol aglycone and five glycoside derivates were isolated: kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside from the roots and kaempferol, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, vitexin, isovitexin and (-)-epicatechin in the leaves. This is the first chemical study reported in the literature about this specie

Evaluation of a model for induction of periodontal disease in dogs

There are several methods for inducing periodontal disease in animal models, being the bone defect one of the most reported. This study aimed to evaluate this model, through clinical, radiographic, tomographic and histological analyzes, thus providing standardized data for future regenerative works. Twelve dogs were subjected to the induction protocol. In a first surgical procedure, a mucoperiosteal flap was made on the buccal aspect of the right third and fourth premolars and a defect was produced exposing the furcation and mesial and distal roots, with dimensions: 5mm coronoapical, 5mm mesiodistal, and 3mm buccolingual. Periodontal ligament and cementum were curetted and the defect was filled with molding polyester, which was removed after 21 days on new surgical procedure. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed after the two surgeries and before the collection of parts for dental tomography and histological analysis. All animals showed grade II furcation exposure in both teeth. Clinical attachment level increased after induction. Defect size did not change for coronoapical and buccolingual measurements, while mesiodistal size was significantly higher than at the time of defect production. Radiographic analysis showed decreased radiopacity and discontinuity of lamina dura in every tooth in the furcation area. The horizontal progression of the disease was evident in micro-computed tomography and defect content in the histological analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that this method promotes the induction of periodontal disease in dogs in a standardized way, thus being a good model for future work

Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas para bovinos de corte: consumo, digestibilidade total e desempenho produtivo Crude protein levels in beef cattle diets: intake, total apparent digestibility of nutrients and productive performance

Este estudo foi conduzido para se avaliar os seguintes parâmetros: consumo e digestibilidade total de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), com e sem correção para cinzas e proteína bruta; ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça; e conversão alimentar, em bovinos de corte, recebendo dietas contendo quatro níveis de proteína bruta (10, 5; 12; 13, 5 e 15%) na base da matéria seca. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos zebuínos, não-castrados, com peso vivo inicial médio de 398, 4 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. O período experimental teve duração de 78 dias, divididos em três períodos de 21 dias após 15 dias de adaptação. A produção fecal foi estimada por meio da fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi), após um período de incubação in situ de 144 horas. Com exceção do consumo de PB, que aumentou e o EE e CNF, que diminuíram linearmente, o consumo dos demais nutrientes não foi influenciado pelos níveis protéicos das dietas. A digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes não foi influenciada pelas dietas, com exceção da PB e do EE, que apresentaram, respectivamente, comportamentos lineares crescente e decrescente com a inclusão de proteína bruta nas dietas. Os ganhos médios diários de peso vivo, o rendimento de carcaça e a conversão alimentar também não foram influenciados pelas dietas, registrando-se, respectivamente, valores médios de 1.074 g/dia, 51, 43% e 10, 01. Recomenda-se, para bovinos de corte na fase de terminação, com peso vivo inicial próximo a 400 kg, a utilização de dietas com 10, 5% de PB.<br>The intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) with and without correction for ashes and crude protein, the weight gain, carcass yield and the food conversion were estimated in beef cattle fed with diets containing four dietary crude protein levels (10.5; 12; 13.5 and 15%), in dry matter base. There were used 24 non-castrated Zebus steers, with initial mean live weight of 398.4 kg, and allotted to randomized blocks design with four treatments and six replications. The experiment lasted 78 days and was divided in three periods of 21 days after 15 days of adaptation. The fecal production was estimated by the indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF), after in situ incubation period for 144 hours. The dietary protein levels, except for the increased CP and the linearly decreased EE and NFC intakes, did not influence the nutrients intake. The total apparent digestibility of nutrients was not influenced by the diets, except for CP and EE, which presented positive and negative linear relations, respectively, with the inclusion of dietary crude protein. The daily mean gain of live weight, carcass yield and food conversion were not also influenced by the diets, recording means values of 1, 074 g/day, 51.43% and 10.01, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended the use of 10.5% of CP in the diet for beef cattle, in the termination phase, with initial live weight close to 400 kg

Influência dos níveis de concentrado sobre os cortes comerciais, os constituintes não-carcaça e os componentes da perna de cordeiros confinados Effect of concentrate levels on retail cuts, non-carcass and leg components of crossbred feedlot lambs

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a influência dos níveis de concentrado sobre o peso e o rendimento dos cortes e dos constituintes não-carcaça e a composição tecidual da perna de cordeiros mestiços de Dorper terminados em confinamento ou mestiços de Dorper x Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros (não-castrados) ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês (peso médio inicial de 17,1 kg) alimentados com dietas contendo 30, 45, 60 e 75% de concentrado. Os cordeiros foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento durante 43 dias. Após o abate, as carcaças foram resfriadas por 24 horas. Foram registrados os pesos e as porcentagens dos cortes da meia-carcaça e as porcentagens de osso, músculos e tecido adiposo, avaliadas por meio de dissecação da perna. Houve efeito significativo linear crescente dos níveis de concentrado sobre os pesos de pescoço, paleta, costilhar, lombo e perna. Verificou-se também efeito significativo linear decrescente sobre os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais (pescoço, perna e paleta), excetuando-se o de costilhar, que cresceu linearmente. A espessura de gordura e a área de olho-de-lombo foram influenciadas pelos níveis de concentrado. Observou-se efeito significativo sobre os constituintes não-carcaça, exceto o trato digestório, que não foi afetado pelos níveis de concentrado. O aumento do nível de concentrado influenciou o peso e o rendimento dos cortes e órgãos internos e aumentou a proporção e a deposição de gordura na carcaça.<br>Thirty-two intact lambs averaging 17.1 kg of initial body weight were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 30, 45, 60 or 75% of dietary concentrate in a completely randomized design (eight lambs/treatment). Lambs were feedlot fed during the experimental period (43 days). After slaughter, carcasses were refrigerated for 24 h. It was measured the weights and percentages of five cuts from the half carcass as well as the proportion of muscle, bone and fat tissue from the leg. The weights of neck, shoulder, ribs, loin and leg all increased linearly by increasing the level of concentrate in the diet while the opposite was observed for the yields of neck, leg, and shoulder; yield of ribs followed the increment of concentrate in the diet and increased linearly. Fat thickness and loin eye area were both affected by the level of concentrate in the diet. The same was observed for the non-carcass components with the exception of digestive tract. Feeding increasing dietary levels of concentrate to lambs affected the weight and yield of retail cuts and internal organs and increased the proportion and deposition of fat in the carcass

Variação anual de hormônios tireoideanos e características termorreguladoras de vacas leiteiras em ambiente quente Annual thyroid hormone variation and thermo regulators traits of milk cows in hot environment

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento anual de características termorreguladoras de 200 vacas leiteiras. Durante dois anos consecutivos, foram registradas a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), bem como coletada uma amostra de sangue para dosagens de triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4). Foram também registradas a temperatura e a umidade do ar e calculados o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e a carga térmica radiante (CTR), nos mesmos dias de coleta. Houve efeito significativo do ano para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, no entanto, os efeitos do mês de coleta e do rebanho foram significativos para todas. Todos os valores de TR estiveram dentro da amplitude de normalidade, indicando homeotermia. A FR foi alterada em todas as épocas do ano e rebanhos, confirmando a necessidade constante de termólise. No rebanho de maior TR e a FR, houve redução da secreção de T3 e T4. Nas épocas de maiores ITGU e CTR, houve aumento da TR, seguido de maiores FR e menores concentrações plasmáticas de T3 e T4.<br>This work was carried out with the objective to study the annual behavior of thermo regulators traits in dairy cows. Two hundred cows were used during two consecutive years and the respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), as well as a blood sample was collected for triiodothyronin (T3) and thyroxin (T4) dosages, were recorded. Air temperature and humidity were also recorded and the black globe humidity index (BGHI) and radiant heat load (RHL) were calculated in the same days of data collection. There was no significative effect of the year for the majority of studied variables, however, the effects of month of collection and herd were significative for all variables. All values of RT were inside of the amplitude of normality, indicating homoeothermic condition. The RR was altered in every seasons of the year and herds, showing a constant necessity of thermolisys. In herds with higher RT and RR, there was a reduction T3 and T4 liberation. In seasons of higher BGHI and RHL, there was increase in the RT, followed for higher RR and lower T3 and T4 plasmatic concentrations

Consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de novilhos alimentados com rações à base de feno de capim-tifton 85, em diferentes idades de rebrota Intake, digestibility and performance of steers fed diets containing tifton-85 bermudagrass hays at different regrowth ages

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e as digestibilidades aparentes de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar em bovinos Nelore, recebendo rações contendo feno de capim-tifton 85 com 35, 42 e 56 dias de rebrota. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos, não-castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 345 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Todas as rações continham 60% de volumoso e 40% de mistura concentrada constituída por fubá de milho e minerais, na base da matéria seca. O experimento teve duração de 100 dias, 16 dias de adaptação e três períodos de 28 dias para a avaliação do desempenho. O avanço da idade de rebrota do capim-tifton 85 produziu comportamento linear decrescente para consumos de MS, PB e EE, enquanto os consumos de CT e FDN não foram afetados pela idade de rebrota. O ganho médio diário de peso (1,23 kg) e a conversão alimentar (6,35) não foram influenciados pela idade de rebrota. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS (59,6), PB (48,0), EE (53,2), CT (63,6) e FDN (41,5) também não foram influenciados pela idade de rebrota do feno de capim-tifton 85. Embora as dietas utilizadas sejam eqüivalentes nutricionalmente, recomenda-se a idade de corte de 42 dias de rebrota.<br>Intake and apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), average daily weight gain and feed: gain of diets containing Tifton 85 bermudagrass hays with 35, 42 and 56 days of regrowth were evaluated with Nellore steers. Eighteen animals averaging 345 kg were allotted in a randomized complete blocks design with six replicates. All diets contained 60% forage and 40% of a concentrate mix based on ground corn and minerals, in dry matter basis. The experiment lasted 100 days, in which 16 were used for the animal adaptation and three periods of 28 days for the animal performance evaluation. As the hay age increased, there was a linear decrease in DM, CP and EE intake, while the TC and NDF intakes were not affected by the regrowth age. The average daily weight gain (1.23kg) and the feed: gain (6.35) was not influenced by the regrowth age. The coefficients of digestibility of DM (59.6), CP (48.0), EE (53.2), TC (63.6) and NDF (41.5) were not affected by the regrowth age of the Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay. Although the diets were nutritionally similar, the recommendation for the regrowth age was 42 days