Binary decisions of artificial intelligence to classify third molar development around the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years

Third molar development is used for dental age estimation when all the other teeth are fully mature. In most medicolegal facilities, dental age estimation is an operator-dependent procedure. During the examination of unaccompanied and undocumented minors, this procedure may lead to binary decisions around age thresholds of legal interest, namely the ages of 14, 16 and 18 years. This study aimed to test the performance of artificial intelligence to classify individuals below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years using third molar development. The sample consisted of 11,640 panoramic radiographs (9680 used for training and 1960 used for validation) of males (n = 5400) and females (n = 6240) between 6 and 22.9 years. Computer-based image annotation was performed with V7 software (V7labs, London, UK). The region of interest was the mandibular left third molar (T38) outlined with a semi-automated contour. DenseNet121 was the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) of choice and was used with Transfer Learning. After Receiver-operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87 and 0.86 to classify males and females below and above the age of 14, respectively. For the age threshold of 16, the AUC values were 0.88 (males) and 0.83 (females), while for the age of 18, AUC were 0.94 (males) and 0.83 (females). Specificity rates were always between 0.80 and 0.92. Artificial intelligence was able to classify male and females below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years with high accuracy.</p

Binary decisions of artificial intelligence to classify third molar development around the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years

Third molar development is used for dental age estimation when all the other teeth are fully mature. In most medicolegal facilities, dental age estimation is an operator-dependent procedure. During the examination of unaccompanied and undocumented minors, this procedure may lead to binary decisions around age thresholds of legal interest, namely the ages of 14, 16 and 18 years. This study aimed to test the performance of artificial intelligence to classify individuals below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years using third molar development. The sample consisted of 11,640 panoramic radiographs (9680 used for training and 1960 used for validation) of males (n = 5400) and females (n = 6240) between 6 and 22.9 years. Computer-based image annotation was performed with V7 software (V7labs, London, UK). The region of interest was the mandibular left third molar (T38) outlined with a semi-automated contour. DenseNet121 was the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) of choice and was used with Transfer Learning. After Receiver-operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87 and 0.86 to classify males and females below and above the age of 14, respectively. For the age threshold of 16, the AUC values were 0.88 (males) and 0.83 (females), while for the age of 18, AUC were 0.94 (males) and 0.83 (females). Specificity rates were always between 0.80 and 0.92. Artificial intelligence was able to classify male and females below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years with high accuracy.</p

Ácido cítrico e fósforo no desenvolvimento e estado nutricional de mudas de café

In weathered soils, there is an increased retention of anions such as phosphate. Organic acids of low molecular mass have been shown an effective way to provide nutrients before it showed unavailable in the soil, such as phosphorus. The objective was to evaluate the quality and growth content of seedlings of ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ coffee (IAC-99), submitted the application of citric acid and phosphorus concentrations in the substrate. Was used the factorial scheme (4x4), being the first factor concerning the application of citric acid anidre to the substrate (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg dm-3), and the second concerning the doses of phosphorus (0, 450, 900 e 1800 mg P2O5 dm-3), in substrate. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replicates. The seeds were germinated in bags with standard substrate for coffee seedlings, adjusted according to the treatment with applications of phosphorus. Citric acid was applied when the seedlings had the cotyledons. The evaluation has been held at 180 days after sowing when the seedlings had four to five leaf pairs expands. Were measured the foliar levels, and fhytotechnical atributes and from these determined Dickson quality index. Doses of 1404.0 mg P2O5 dm-3 and 1.0 mg dm-3 of citric acid in the substrate positively influenced the maximum quality of the seedlings. Was not effective dose of 2.0 mg dm-3of citric acid for the development of the same quality to the point of planting, while increasing the concentration of Ca, N, P, S, Cu, Fe and Zn in the leaves.Em solos intemperizados existe um aumento da retenção de ânions como o fosfato. Ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular têm sido eficazes para disponibilizar nutrientes considerados “indisponíveis no solo”, como o fósforo. Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento, a qualidade e o estado nutricional de mudas de café cultivar Catuaí Vermelho (IAC 99), submetidas à aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ácido cítrico e fósforo no substrato. Utilizou-se esquema fatorial (4x4), sendo o primeiro fator referente à aplicação de ácido cítrico anidro (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg dm-3) e, o segundo referente às doses de fósforo (0, 450, 900 e 1800 mg P2O5 dm-3), aplicadas no substrato. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As sementes foram germinadas em saquinhos com substrato padrão para mudas de café, ajustado conforme os tratamentos. O ácido cítrico foi aplicado quando as mudas apresentavam as folhas cotiledonares. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 180 dias após a semeadura, quando as mudas apresentavam-se com quatro a cinco pares de folhas expandidas, sendo avaliados os teores foliares e atributos fitotécnicos e, a partir destes, determinado o índice de qualidade de Dickson. As doses de 1.404,0 mg P2O5 dm-3 e 1,0 mg dm-3 de ácido cítrico no substrato influenciam, positivamente, na qualidade máxima das mudas. Não foi efetiva a dose de 2,0 mg dm-3 de ácido cítrico para o desenvolvimento com qualidade das mesmas até o ponto de plantio, embora tenham aumentado os teores de Ca, N, P, S, Cu, Fe e Zn, nas folhas

Manejo cirúrgico do traumatismo de face: a reconstrução facial no contexto médico

The aim of this study is to disassemble, through scientific articles and government exposure, the surgical management of facial trauma. And as secondary objectives, to understand the particularities of these injuries and understand the effects that oral and maxillofacial trauma entails in the lives of those affected. An in-depth search of articles was carried out in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and PubMed databases, with the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): Reconstructive surgery; Lesion; Trauma. Articles were selected between the periods of 2000 to 2020, in English and Portuguese. It is concluded from the analysis of these studies that the complexity of the injuries caused by facial trauma can affect the treatment of those affected. Young people are the main victims of facial trauma, which, in turn, affects the aesthetics and psychological condition of those affected. For the best prognosis, the etiological agent, time of exposure of the lesion and the degree of contamination must be considered, in addition to the primordial need, the guarantee of airways.El objetivo de este estudio es desmontar, a través de artículos científicos y exposición gubernamental, el manejo quirúrgico del traumatismo facial. Y como objetivos secundarios, comprender las particularidades de estas lesiones y comprender los efectos que conllevan los traumatismos bucales y maxilofaciales en la vida de los afectados. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y PubMed, con los siguientes Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS): Cirugía reconstructiva; Lesión; Trauma. Los artículos fueron seleccionados entre los períodos de 2000 a 2020, en inglés y portugués. Del análisis de estos estudios se concluye que la complejidad de las lesiones causadas por trauma facial puede afectar el tratamiento de los afectados. Los jóvenes son las principales víctimas de los traumatismos faciales, lo que, a su vez, afecta la estética y el estado psíquico de los afectados. Para el mejor pronóstico se debe considerar el agente etiológico, el tiempo de exposición de la lesión y el grado de contaminación, además de la necesidad primordial, la garantía de las vías aéreas.Objetivo desse estudo é desmontar, por meio de artigos científicos e exposição governamentais, o manejo cirúrgico do trauma de face. E como objetivos secundários, compreender as particularidades dessas lesões e entender os efeitos que o traumatismo bucomaxilofacial acarreta na vida dos acometidos. &nbsp;Foi realizada uma profunda pesquisa de artigos nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e PubMed, com os seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): Cirurgia de reconstrução; Lesão; Trauma. Foram selecionados artigos entre os períodos de 2000 a 2020, nos idiomas Inglês e Português. Conclui-se com a análise desses estudos que, a complexidade das lesões, causadas por um trauma facial, podem afetar a terapêutica dos acometidos. Os jovens são as principais vítimas do trauma facial, que, por sua vez, afeta a estética e a condição psicológica dos acometidos. Para o melhor prognóstico, o agente etiológico, tempo de exposição da lesão e o grau de contaminação devem ser considerados, além da primordial necessidade, a garantia das vias áreas

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Estudo e caracterização de composições de coque e fibras vegetais (bagaço de cana e madeira) para aplicação na produção de briquetes

"Green" petroleum coke is a solid product, obtained from the cracking of heavy residual oils in the waste conversion units called delayed coking units (UCR). The market for application of "green" coke is very broad, perhaps regarded as the product (derived directly from oil) with the greatest potential for industrial use, as in the metallurgical area (fuel or reducer), obtaining refractory crucibles, sintered parts, coating equipment, composition of amber glass, solid fuels. Due to its high calorific value, from 8200 to 8600 kcal/kg, this byproduct of oil is widely used as a source of energy in industries. This study aimed to the blending of petroleum coke fines with natural fibers (eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse) and subsequently obtains briquettes through compression molding. Thus, it was hoped to obtain a product with a higher calorific value compared with briquettes formed only by vegetable fibers and additionally reduce partly the consumption of materials from non-renewable sources (petroleum coke) to obtain briquettes. The raw materials used were fines of petroleum coke and eucalyptus fibers and sugarcane bagasse .. The proportions of mixtures of fines of petroleum coke and vegetable fibers were: 100% coke fines, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 100% vegetable fibers. The mixtures had their moisture standardized between 10% and 12% and the force used to perform the compaction was 12t. To make the compression it was used a cylindrical stainless steel cast of 9.62 cm2 and a hydraulic press of parallel plates type. The briquettes molded with the ratio 25/75 and 50/50 coke/fibers presented, visually, good compaction and proper agglomeration. It was obtained also the formation of briquettes made of 100% petroleum coke, but they presented themselves fragile. However, for blends 75/25 coke/fibers was not possible to obtain briquettes, probably due to compaction is not adequate. Samples of all produced briquettes were analyzed for gross calorific value (GCV). The briquettes compounded of 50/50 coke/eucalyptus and coke/bagasse showed an increase of approximately 50% in the GCV when compared to those found for the briquettes made from 100% plant fibers. It was doner diametral compression tests for the briquettes and most of them showed characteristics of relatively brittle materials with low strain values. The briquettes compounded of 100% petroleum coke showed the lowest values of stress and strain. For the briquettes compounded of coke/ eucalyptus was observed decreasing behavior of the variables as the concentration of coke increased. For the briquettes compounded of coke/sugar cane bagasse, occurred an increase in the values of variables after the addition of coke.O coque verde de petróleo é um produto sólido, obtido a partir do craqueamento de óleos residuais pesados em unidades de conversão de resíduos denominadas unidades de coqueamento retardado (UCR). O mercado de aplicação do coque verde é vasto, com grande potencial de utilização industrial, como na área metalúrgica (carburante ou redutor), obtenção de cadinhos refratários, peças sinterizadas, revestimentos de equipamentos, composição de vidro âmbar, combustíveis sólidos. Devido ao seu alto poder calorífico, 8200 a 8600 kcal/kg, este subproduto do petróleo é amplamente utilizado como fonte geradora de energia em indústrias. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a mistura de finos de coque de petróleo com fibras vegetais (de eucalipto e de bagaço de cana) e posterior obtenção de briquetes através de moldagem por compressão. Desta maneira, esperava-se obter um produto com maior poder calorífico em comparação com briquetes formados somente por fibras vegetais e, adicionalmente, reduzir em parte o consumo de materiais de fontes não renováveis (coque de petróleo) na obtenção de briquetes. As proporções em massa das misturas de finos de coque de petróleo e fibra vegetal foram: 100% finos de coque, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 e 100% fibra vegetal. As misturas tiveram suas umidades padronizadas entre 10% e 12% e a força utilizada para a compactação foi de 12t. Para proceder a compactação utilizou-se um molde de aço inoxidável, em formato cilíndrico, com área de 9,62cm2, e uma prensa hidráulica tipo placas paralelas. Os briquetes moldados com a proporção 25/75 e 50/50 coque/fibras apresentaram, visualmente, boa aglomeração e adequada compactação. Obteve-se, também, a formação de briquetes compostos de 100% de coque de petróleo, porém estes apresentaram-se frágeis. No entanto, para as misturas 75/25 coque/fibras não foi possível a obtenção dos briquetes, provavelmente, devido à compactação não adequada. Amostras de todos os briquetes produzidos foram submetidas à análise de poder calorífico superior (PCS). Os briquetes de composição 50/50 coque/eucalipto e coque/bagaço apresentaram aumento de aproximadamente 50% nos valores de PCS quando comparados aos valores encontrados para os briquetes compostos de 100% de fibras vegetais. Realizou-se ensaios de compressão diametral para os briquetes e a maioria dos briquetes apresentou características de materiais relativamente frágeis com baixos valores de deformação. Os briquetes de composição 100% coque de petróleo foram os que apresentaram os menores valores de tensão e deformação. Para os briquetes de composição coque/eucalipto foi observado o comportamento decrescente para as variáveis força, deformação e tensão conforme a concentração de coque aumentava. Já para as composições coque/bagaço de cana de açúcar, ocorreram aumentos nos valores das variáveis quando da adição de coque

Da colônia agrícola ao hospital-colônia: configurações para a assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil na primeira metade do século XX From the agricultural colony to the hospital-colony: configurations for psychiatric care in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century

Discute os sentidos do modelo institucional das colônias na assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil, considerando suas diferentes configurações no contexto das políticas públicas de saúde na primeira metade do século XX. Toma como fio condutor a Colônia Juliano Moreira, fundada em 1924 no Rio de Janeiro. Demonstra o significado atribuído à concepção de colônia agrícola e sua importância na formatação da Colônia Juliano Moreira, para compreender como o ideário da colônia agrícola foi traduzido na concepção de hospital-colônia a partir dos anos 1940, quando essa instituição sofreu processo de acentuada expansão de sua estrutura física e de seus recursos terapêuticos.<br>The meanings given to the institutional model of the colonies in psychiatric care in Brazil are assessed, duly considering their different configurations in the context of public health policies in the first half of the twentieth century. The central thread of this analysis is the case of the Colônia Juliano Moreira, an institution founded in 1924 in Rio de Janeiro. It seeks to show the meaning attributed to the concept of agricultural colony and its importance in shaping the Colônia Juliano Moreira, in order to understand how the ideological precept of agricultural colony was translated into the concept of hospital-colony from the 1940s onwards, when this institution experienced a steady process of marked expansion of its physical structure and its therapeutic resources

Binary decisions of artificial intelligence to classify third molar development around the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years

Abstract Third molar development is used for dental age estimation when all the other teeth are fully mature. In most medicolegal facilities, dental age estimation is an operator-dependent procedure. During the examination of unaccompanied and undocumented minors, this procedure may lead to binary decisions around age thresholds of legal interest, namely the ages of 14, 16 and 18 years. This study aimed to test the performance of artificial intelligence to classify individuals below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years using third molar development. The sample consisted of 11,640 panoramic radiographs (9680 used for training and 1960 used for validation) of males (n = 5400) and females (n = 6240) between 6 and 22.9 years. Computer-based image annotation was performed with V7 software (V7labs, London, UK). The region of interest was the mandibular left third molar (T38) outlined with a semi-automated contour. DenseNet121 was the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) of choice and was used with Transfer Learning. After Receiver-operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87 and 0.86 to classify males and females below and above the age of 14, respectively. For the age threshold of 16, the AUC values were 0.88 (males) and 0.83 (females), while for the age of 18, AUC were 0.94 (males) and 0.83 (females). Specificity rates were always between 0.80 and 0.92. Artificial intelligence was able to classify male and females below and above the legal age thresholds of 14, 16 and 18 years with high accuracy