Estudo do retorno elástico para processos de dobramento à frio de chapas do aço ASTM A36

O processo de conformação de chapas metálicas, especificamente o processo de produção por dobramento, é amplamente utilizado para fabricação das mais variadas peças na construção metal mecânica. Dentro deste processo, existem vários fatores que precisam ser considerados e analisados, podendo citar como exemplo, o retorno elástico do aço. Devido a ocorrência de falhas, podem surgir divergências dimensionais, impossibilitando o processo seguinte, gerando a perda do material. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo, avaliar o retorno elástico do aço durante o processo de conformabilidade de chapas, utilizando o aço ASTM A36. As amostras de aço utilizadas neste trabalho, possuem espessuras de 4,75mm e 6,35mm. As amostras foram deformadas pelo processo de dobramento no formato V utilizando diferentes matrizes e velocidades. A avaliação e identificação do retorno elástico foram realizadas a partir da medição de abertura da parede da tira conformada. Foi possível verificar um aumento do retorno elástico, tanto na matriz de ângulo maior, quanto na velocidade de deslocamento durante o processo de dobramento. O aumento combinando destes dois parâmetros, demonstrou uma tendência de aumento no retorno elástico para as amostras conformadas. Logo, foi possível observar que ferramenta, velocidade, material utilizado são fatores determinantes para o ângulo de retorno elástico.The sheet metal folding process is widely used to produce a variety of mechanical metal construction. Many factors must be considered and analyzed for the folding process, such as the metal elastic deformation that can lead to the failure mode and result in dimensional divergences that break the next stage of the process and may result in material waste. The goal of this work is to study the metal elastic deformation during the metal sheet folding process using the high mechanical strength steel type ASTM A36. For this, metal sheets with thickness of 4,75mm and 6,35mm were deformed in the V-shaped bending process with different matrices and bending speeds to calculate the metal elastic deformation based on the based on the shape strip wall opening. It was possible to verify an increase in elastic deformation parameter in both greater angle matrix and displacement speed scenarios during the folding process, which demonstrates a tendency for elastic deformation increases for the conformed samples. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that tools, velocity and material used are all determinant factors for the elastic deformation angle

KATP Channel Openers Have Opposite Effects on Mitochondrial Respiration Under Different Energetic Conditions

Mitochondrial (m) KATP channel opening has been implicated in triggering cardiac preconditioning. Its consequence on mitochondrial respiration, however, remains unclear. We investigated the effects of two different KATP channel openers and antagonists on mitochondrial respiration under two different energetic conditions. Oxygen consumption was measured for complex I (pyruvate/malate) or complex II (succinate with rotenone) substrates in mitochondria from fresh guinea pig hearts. One of two mKATP channel openers, pinacidil or diazoxide, was given before adenosine diphosphate in the absence or presence of an mKATP channel antagonist, glibenclamide or 5-hydroxydecanoate. Without ATP synthase inhibition, both mKATP channel openers differentially attenuated mitochondrial respiration. Neither mKATP channel antagonist abolished these effects. When ATP synthase was inhibited by oligomycin to decrease [ATP], both mKATP channel openers accelerated respiration for both substrate groups. This was abolished by mKATP channel blockade. Thus, under energetically more physiological conditions, the main effect of mKATP channel openers on mitochondrial respiration is differential inhibition independent of mKATP channel opening. In contrast, under energetically less physiological conditions, mKATP channel opening can be evidenced by accelerated respiration and blockade by antagonists. Therefore, the effects of mKATP channel openers on mitochondrial function likely depend on the experimental conditions and the cell\u27s underlying energetic state

AS REPERCUSSÕES DA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19 SOBRE OS MERCADOS DE TRABALHO: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DE SANTA CRUZ DO SUL (RS).

The article analyzes the dynamics of the labor market in Santa Cruz do Sul, in Rio Grande do Sul, based on the confirmation of the first cases of Coronavirus in Brazil and the first government actions aimed at facing the crisis resulting from the Pandemic. It is argued, in the article, that for people who live from work the experience of the pandemic has intensified the precariousness of work already experienced previously. In this sense, it is highlighted that, in the context of the repercussions of the Pandemic on the labor markets, there was a decrease in the capacity to offer formal jobs and, at the same time, the government actions adopted with the objective of "protecting jobs" they did not prevent the dismissals of the workers. What is announced in the face of this reality, in a context of economic crisis and policies of “flexibilization of work”, are even more deregulated labor markets, not only with the reduction of formal employability relations, but also with the increase of jobs. precarious workers.O artigo analisa a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho de Santa Cruz do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul, a partir da confirmação dos primeiros casos de Coronavírus no Brasil e das primeiras ações governamentais visando o enfrentamento da crise decorrente da Pandemia. Argumenta-se, no artigo, que para as pessoas que vivem do trabalho a experiência da pandemia intensificou a precarização do trabalho já vivenciada anteriormente. Nesse sentido, destaca-se que, no contexto das repercussões da Pandemia sobre os mercados de trabalho, se observou uma diminuição da capacidade de oferta de empregos formais e, ao mesmo tempo, as ações governamentais adotadas com o objetivo de “proteger os empregos” não impediram as demissões dos trabalhadores. O que se anuncia diante dessa realidade, num quadro de crise econômica e de políticas de “flexibilização do trabalho”, são mercados de trabalho ainda mais desregulamentados, não somente com a diminuição das relações formais de empregabilidade, mas, também, com o aumento de trabalhadores precarizados

Conjunto probatório no processo previdenciário judicial

The core of the present work consists of the proofs that the insured person can use in order to obtain the required benefit from the National Social Security Institute - INSS, considering that the granting of these benefits requires robust means of proof regarding the result favorable demand. Therefore, the types of evidence that the insured will use, depending on the type of benefit they claim, can be expert, testimonial or documentary. The problem question aims to provide a simple contribution about the importance of the correct evidential instruction, which is essential for the success in the process. The purpose of this study is to indicate the types of evidence possible in the social security process. The approach is qualitative. From the point of view of its technical form, it is a bibliographic and documentary review. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the insured is allowed to use documentary, expert or testimonial evidence in order to prove that it fits the list of requirements that each benefit requires, or that it will ensure the granting of the desired benefit.O cerne do presente trabalho consiste nas provas que o segurado pode utilizar a fim de obter o benefício requerido junto ao Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social – INSS, que são de cunho social ou assistencial, tendo em vista que a concessão dos referidos benefícios requer meios robustos de provas, a fim de obter resultado favorável na demanda pretendida. As espécies de prova que o segurado utilizará, dependendo do tipo de benefício pleiteado, podem ser pericial, testemunhal ou documental. A questão-problema visa proporcionar singela contribuição acerca da importância da instrução probatória adequada, que é essencial para o sucesso no processo para a obtenção do benefício. O objetivo do presente estudo é arrazoar a seguridade social e a previdência social e indicar os tipos de provas possíveis no processo previdenciário. A forma de abordagem é dedutiva. Sob o ponto de vista de seu aspecto técnico é de revisão bibliográfica e documental. Dessa maneira, é possível concluir que são admissíveis ao segurado utilizar-se de prova documental, pericial ou testemunhal a fim de comprovar que se enquadra no rol de requisitos que cada benefício exige ou que lhe assegurará a concessão do benefício requerido

Suspended animation inducer hydrogen sulfide is protective in an in vivo model of ventilator-induced lung injury

Acute lung injury is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response and a high metabolic demand. Mechanical ventilation can contribute to lung injury, resulting in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). A suspended-animation-like state induced by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects against hypoxia-induced organ injury. We hypothesized that suspended animation is protective in VILI by reducing metabolism and thereby CO2 production, allowing for a lower respiratory rate while maintaining adequate gas exchange. Alternatively, H2S may reduce inflammation in VILI. In mechanically ventilated rats, VILI was created by application of 25 cmH(2)O positive inspiratory pressure (PIP) and zero positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Controls were lung-protective mechanically ventilated (13 cmH(2)O PIP, 5 cmH(2)O PEEP). H2S donor NaHS was infused continuously; controls received saline. In separate control groups, hypothermia was induced to reproduce the H2S-induced fall in temperature. In VILI groups, respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain normo-pH. NaHS dose-dependently and reversibly reduced body temperature, heart rate, and exhaled amount of CO2. In VILI, NaHS reduced markers of pulmonary inflammation and improved oxygenation, an effect which was not observed after induction of deep hypothermia that paralleled the NaHS-induced fall in temperature. Both NaHS and hypothermia allowed for lower respiratory rates while maintaining gas exchange. NaHS reversibly induced a hypometabolic state in anesthetized rats and protected from VILI by reducing pulmonary inflammation, an effect that was in part independent of body temperatur

Hochauflösende Fourier-Transform-Infrarot-Spektroskopie der dreiatomigen Moleküle HCP, DCP und HBS

Das Molekül HCP wurde durch eine Pyrolyse von CH3PCl2 hergestellt. Die hochauflösenden FT-IR-Spektren der Knickschwingung [ny]2 und der Streckschwingungen [ny]1 und [ny]3 von HC12P und H13CP in grund- und angeregten Zuständen wurden in Absorption gemessen. Die Messungen wurden in Wellenlängenbereichen bis 3400 cm-1 mit einem Bruker IFS 120 HR Interferometer, bei verschiedenen spektralen Auflösungen bis 0.0016 cm-1, durchgeführt. Durch die Analyse der FT-IR-Spektren konnten 29 P,R-Zweige und 18 Q-Zweige für HC12P und H13CP zugeordnet werden. Für H13CP konnten 6 P,R-Zweige und 4 Q-Zweige zugeordnet werden. Zum ersten male konnte durch eine experimentelle Rotations-Vibrationsanalyse der Fermi-Resonanzpolyaden (020)/(001), (030)/(011) und (040)/(021)/(002) die entsprechenden Fermi-Resonanz-Ausserdiagonalmatrixelemente ermittelt werden. Hochauflösende FT-IR Emissionsmessungen konnten an HCP ebenfalls durchgeführt werden. Die Emissionsspektren wurden im Bereich der Knickschwingung [ny]2 aufgenommen. HCP wurde in einer Meßzelle aus Mineralquarzglas bei Temperaturen bis 1400°C synthetisiert. Die Pyrolyseprodukte wurden direkt im Reaktionsrohr gemessen. Es konnten spektroskopische Konstanten eines effektiven Hamiltonoperators für lineare Moleküle inclusive Fermi-Resonanzparametern für H12CP und H13CP ermittelt werden. Das Molekül DCP wurde durch eine Pyrolyse von CDCl2PH2 hergestellt. Aufgrund der natürlichen Häufigkeit von 13C entstand neben D12CP auch D13CP. Hochauflösende FT-IR-Spektren wurden mit einem BRUKER IFS 120 HR Fourier Transform Spektrometer aufgenommen an das eine White-Typ Meßzelle mit einer Absorptionsweglänge von 13.12 m angeschlossen war. In den Wellenlängenbereichen 400 - 600, 600 - 800, 1900 - 2700, 3300 - 4200, 4600 - 5500 und 4500 - 4900 cm-1 wurden Messungen mit Auflösungen von 0.00189, 0.00189, 0.00356, 0.0070, 0.0097 und 0.0167 cm-1 durchgeführt. Folgende Rotations-Vibrations-Bandensysteme von D12CP konnten gemessen und zugeordnet werden: die Grundschwingung [ny]2, Hotbands der [ny]2 = 1, 2, 3, 4 und der [ny]3 = 1, 2, 4, wie auch der [ny]1 = 1, 2 und verschiedene Kombinationszustände (v1v2l2v3) = 011, 110, 012, 210, 014 und 220. Eine komplette Fermi-Resonanzanalyse der folgenden Polyaden: (100)/(002), (110)/(012) und (200)/(004)/(102) konnte durchgeführt werden. Zustände der Polyaden (022)/(120) und (210)/(014)/(112) konnten nur teilweise zugeordnet werden. Die Fermi-Resonanzanalyse dieser Systeme wurde durch eine Abschätzung der Termwerte der Zustände (022) und (014) möglich. Die fundamentalen Obertonbanden der Knickschwingung von D13CP und ihrer Hotbands für [ny]2 = 1, 2 wie auch der [ny]1 Fundamentalen und [ny]3 = 2 konnten ebenfalls zugeordnet werden. Die Fermi-Resonanzanalyse von D13CP konnte vollständig für die Diade (100)/002) ausgeführt werden. Zum ersten Male wurden in dieser Arbeit folgende Bandensysteme von D12CP zugeordnet: (004) - (000), (001) - (010), (011) - (020),(011) - (001), (030) - (020), (040) - (030) und für D13CP: (010) - (000), (020) - (010), (100) - (000) and (002) - (000). Spektroskopische Konstanten inklusive Fermi-Resonanzparametern für D12CP und D13CP des effektiven Hamiltonians für lineare Moleküle werden mitgeteilt. Durch die Analyse der FT-IR-Spektren konnten 35 P,R-Zweige und 19 Q-Zweige für D12CP zugeordnet werden. Für D13CP konnten 6 P,R-Zweige und 4 Q-Zweige zugeordnet werden. Das dreiatomige Molekül HBS wurde durch eine Reaktion von Bor und Schwefel bei 1100 °C hergestellt. Die hochauflösenden FT-IR-Spektren der Streckschwingungen [ny]1 und [ny]3 von HBS und seinen Isotopomeren wurden in grund- und angeregten Rotations-Vibrationsschwingungszuständen in Absorption gemessen. Die hochauflösenden FT-IR-Spektren wurden mit einem BRUKER IFS 120 HR Fourier Transform Spektrometer in einer 40 cm langen Meßzelle aufgenommen. HBS ist ein sehr instabiles Molekül, es wurde außerhalb der Meßzelle erzeugt und durch die Meßzelle gepumt. Weiterhin wurden Infrarotmessungen von HBS mit dem Giessener Diodenlaserspektrometer (TDL) durchgeführt. Alle Linienpositionen inklusive der Kalibrationsdaten und und Plots der Übersichtsspektren werden im Anhang mitgeteilt.Samples of HCP were synthesized by pyrolysis of CH3PCl2. The High Resolution FTIR-Spectra of the bending vibration [ny]2 and the stretching vibrations [ny]1 and [ny]3 of HC12P and H13CP in ground and excitetd states have been measured in absorption. The measurements were performed in ranges up to 3400 cm-1 with a Bruker IFS 120 HR interferometer at various resolutions up to 0.0016 cm-1. Through the analysis of the spectra 29 P,R-branches and 18 Q-branches could be assigned for H12CP. For H13CP 6 P,R-branches and 4 Q-branches could also be assigned. For the first time an experimental vibrational-rotational analysis of the Fermi-resonance polyads (020)/(001), (030)/(011) and (040)/(021)/(002) could be given. The Fermi-resonance off-diagonal matrix elements for the polyads are presented. High resolution FT-IR emission mesurements of HCP were performed for the first time for HCP. Spectra were recorded in the range of the bending vibration [ny]2. HCP was synthesized and heated up to 1400 °C in a high temperature furnace. The products of the pyrolysis were directly measured in the reaction cell. Spectroscopic constants including Fermi-resonance parameters for H12CP and H13CP of the effective Hamiltonian for linear molecules are given. Samples of DCP were synthesized by pyrolysis of CDCl2PH2 (deuterodichloromethylphosphane). D13CP was present in natural abundance. High resolution FT-IR spectra were measured with a BRUKER IFS 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer using a White-type cell with absorption path lengths up to 13.12 m. The wavenumber regions measured were 400 - 600, 600 - 800, 1900 - 2700, 3300 - 4200, 4600 - 5500 and 4500 - 4900 cm-1 with resolutions of 0.00189, 0.00189, 0.00356, 0.0070, 0.0097 and 0.0167 cm-1, respectively. In the lowest wavenumber region the [ny]2 fundamental band, hotbands from [ny]2 = 1, 2, 3, 4, and [ny]3 = 1, 2, 4 as well as n1 = 1, 2 and several combination states (v1v2l2v3) = 011, 110, 012, 210, 014 and 220 were assigned and analyzed. A complete Fermi-resonance analysis of the following polyads (100)/(002), (110)/(012) and (200)/(004)/(102) could be given. The polyads (022)/(120) and (210)/(014)/(112) were observed partially and the Fermi-resonance analysis was possible approximating one missing level for each polyad. The fundamental and overtone bands of the bending vibration of D13CP, and its hotbands from [ny]2 = 1, 2, as well as the [ny]1 fundamental and [ny]3 = 2 band were also assigned and analyzed. The Fermi-resonance analysis of D13CP, could be given for the dyad (100)/002). The bands for D12CP observed for the first time in this work are: (004) - (000), (001) - (010), (011) - (020),(011) - (001), (030) - (020), (040) - (030), and for D13CP : (010) - (000),(020) - (010), (100) - (000) and (002) - (000). Spectroscopic constants including Fermi-resonance parameters for D12CP and D13CP of the effective Hamiltonian for linear molecules are given. Through the analysis of the spectra 35 P,R-branches and 19 Q-branches could be assigned for D12CP. For D13CP 6 P,R-branches and 4 Q-branches could be assigned. Samples of HBS were synthesized by the reaction of Boron and Sulfur at 1100° C. The High Resolution FT-IR-Spectra of the stretching vibrations [ny]1 and [ny]3 of HBS and its isotopomers in ground and excitetd states have been measured in absorption. High resolution spectra were measured with a BRUKER IFS 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer using a 40 cm long cell. HBS is an unstable molecule, it was produced outside the glastube and pumped trough the measurement aparatus. High resolution infrared measurements of HBS were also performed using the Giessen diode laser spectrometer (TDL). All line positions including the calibration data and overview plots of all spectra are given in the addendum

Predição de classes de solo em uma paisagem complexa no Sul do Brasil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of covariate selection by expert knowledge on the performance of soil class predictive models in a complex landscape, in order to identify the best predictive model for digital soil mapping in the Southern region of Brazil. A total of 164 points were sampled in the field using the conditioned Latin hypercube, considering the covariates elevation, slope, and aspect. From the digital elevation model, environmental covariates were extracted, composing three sets, made up of: 21 covariates, covariates after the exclusion of the multicollinear ones, and covariates chosen by expert knowledge. Prediction was performed with the following models: decision tree, random forest, multiple logistic regression, and support vector machine. The accuracy of the models was evaluated by the kappa index (K), general accuracy (GA), and class accuracy. The prediction models were sensitive to the disproportionate sampling of soil classes. The best predicted map achieved a GA of 71% and K of 0.59. The use of the covariate set chosen by expert knowledge improves model performance in predicting soil classes in a complex landscape, and random forest is the best model for the spatial prediction of soil classes.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso da seleção de covariáveis por conhecimento especializado no desempenho de modelos de predição de classes de solos em uma paisagem complexa, para identificar o melhor modelo preditivo para o mapeamento digital de solos na região Sul do Brasil. Um total de 164 pontos foram amostrados em campo, com uso do hipercubo latino condicionado, tendo-se considerado as covariáveis elevação, declividade e aspecto. A partir do modelo digital de elevação, extraíram-se as covariáveis ambientais que compuseram três conjuntos, formados por: 21 covariáveis, covariáveis após exclusão das multicolineares e covariáveis escolhidas por conhecimento especializado. A predição foi realizada com os seguintes modelos: árvore de decisão, floresta aleatória, regressão logística múltipla e máquina de vetor de suporte. A acurácia dos modelos foi avaliada pelo índice kappa (K), pela acurácia geral (AG) e pela acurácia da classe. Os modelos de previsão foram sensíveis à amostragem desproporcional de classes de solo. O melhor mapa predito obteve AG de 71% e K de 0,59. O uso do conjunto de covariáveis escolhido pelo conhecimento especializado melhora o desempenho do modelo em prever as classes de solo em uma paisagem complexa, e floresta aleatória é o melhor modelo para previsão espacial das classes de solo