Diabetes mellitus Tipo 2: diagnóstico, manejo terapêutico e complicações

O diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença metabólica crônica caracterizada por altos níveis de açúcar no sangue, nos quais o corpo não consegue usar a insulina adequadamente ou produzir insulina suficiente para controlar os níveis de glicose. Pacientes com DM2 geralmente são inespecíficos ou assintomáticos. Para ser diagnosticado com DM2, o paciente deve ter glicemia de jejum, teste oral de tolerância à glicose ou HbA1c no sangue acima de um valor predeterminado. A importância do tratamento do DM2 é inquestionável, pois visa prevenir ou retardar o aparecimento de complicações, que são a principal causa de morte em pessoas com essa doença. A doença deve ser controlada com dieta adequada, atividade física e medicação. A droga de escolha para o tratamento do DM2 no Brasil e até mesmo no mundo é a metformina, mas, além dessa droga, também podem ser utilizadas sulfoniluréias, inibidores de SGLT-2, agonistas de receptores de GLP-1 ou insulina. Dentre as complicações do DM2 podemos citar a nefropatia diabética, que se estabelece devido a complicações microvasculares associadas à hiperglicemia crônica, a retinopatia diabética, uma das principais causas de cegueira em pessoas de 20 a 74 anos nos países desenvolvidos. complicação dos sistemas nervoso autônomo e periférico experimentada por cerca de metade dos diabéticos

Studying nanotoxic effects of CdTe quantum dots in Trypanosoma cruzi

Semiconductor nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs), were used to carry out experiments in vivo and ex vivo with Trypanosoma cruzi. However, questions have been raised regarding the nanotoxicity of QDs in living cells, microorganisms, tissues and whole animals. The objective of this paper was to conduct a QD nanotoxicity study on living T. cruzi protozoa using analytical methods. This was accomplished using in vitro experiments to test the interference of the QDs on parasite development, morphology and viability. Our results show that after 72 h, a 200 μM cadmium telluride (CdTe) QD solution induced important morphological alterations in T. cruzi, such as DNA damage, plasma membrane blebbing and mitochondrial swelling. Flow cytometry assays showed no damage to the plasma membrane when incubated with 200 μM CdTe QDs for up to 72 h (propidium iodide cells), giving no evidence of classical necrosis. Parasites incubated with 2 μM CdTe QDs still proliferated after seven days. In summary, a low concentration of CdTe QDs (2 μM) is optimal for bioimaging, whereas a high concentration (200 μM CdTe) could be toxic to cells. Taken together, our data indicate that 2 μM QD can be used for the successful long-term study of the parasite-vector interaction in real time.15816

Methane emission, intake, digestibility, performance and blood metabolites in sheep supplemented with cupuassu and tucuma cake in the eastern Amazon

The use of co-products as a feed supplement for ruminants makes livestock sustainable and optimizes the use of available areas and animal performance. Furthermore, when cakes are used, the residual fat composition can influence ruminal metabolism and methane (CH4) production. This study aimed to assess the effects of a diet containing cupuassu (CUP; Theobroma grandiflorum) and tucuma (TUC; Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) cakes on intake, digestibility, serum metabolites, performance, and CH4 emissions in confined sheep in the Amazon. Approximately 28 animals, Dorper-Santa Inês, castrated, with an average initial live weight (ILW) of 35 ± 2.3 kg, were distributed in metabolic cages, in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and seven replications: (1) Control (C40), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 40 g of ether extract (EE)/kg of dietary dry matter (DM); (2) CUP, the inclusion of the CUP cake and 70 g of EE/kg; (3) TUC, the inclusion of the TUC cake and 70 g of EE/kg; and (4) Control (C80), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 80 g of EE/kg of dietary DM, with roughage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The use of the TUC cake as a feed supplement reduced the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), and EE compared to the inclusion of the CUP cake (p < 0.05); however, it increased the intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 32% (p < 0.01). The highest averages of DM (732 g/kg) and CP (743 g/kg) digestibility were presented in C40, while the highest digestibility of NDF was presented in TUC (590 g/kg). Albumin levels stayed above and protein levels were below the reference values, and the C40 diet also obtained below results for cholesterol, triglycerides and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (P < 0.05). Sheep fed CUP (91 g) and TUC (45 g) had lower daily weight gains (DWGs) than those fed with diets without the inclusion of cakes (C40 = 119 g; C80 = 148 g), and feed efficiency (FE) was also lower in CUP (84) and TUC (60) diets than in C40 (119) and C80 (137) diets. CH4 emissions were lower in animals fed TUC (26 L/day) and higher in C40 (35 L/day); however, TUC resulted in higher CH4 emissions in grams/body live weight (BW) gain/day (353 g/BW/day) vs. 183 g/BW/day (C40), 157 g/BW/day (C80), and 221 g/BW/day (CUP). The supplementation with cakes did not improve intake, digestibility and performance, did not compromise blood metabolites and did not reduce the enteric CH4 emission in confined sheep in the Amazon; however, the use of CUP cake showed similar results to the control treatments and did not increase CH4 emissions, as occurred with the inclusion of TUC cake

Integrated photonic platform and applications on quantum dots and biological processes studies

Orientador: Carlos Lenz CesarTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb WataghinResumo: A comunidade científica concorda que há grandes chances que a próxima revolução tecnológica virá do controle dos processos biológicos. Grandes mudanças são esperadas, desde como produzimos alimentos até como combatemos as doenças. O controle dos processos biológicos nos permitirá produzir carne sintética para alimentação, produzir biocombustíveis retirando CO2 da atmosfera, produzir órgãos inteiros para transplante e combater de forma eficiente doenças como câncer, por exemplo. Está claro para o nosso grupo que para se obter esses resultados é necessário entender a biologia na sua unidade mais básica: a célula. A partir do entendimento e domínio das reações químicas que acontecem dentro da célula, e mais especificamente do controle do DNA, é que vamos conseguir atingir essas previsões e revolucionar a maneira como vivemos hoje. Com esse pensamento em mente, o objetivo dessa tese foi desenvolver uma plataforma fotônica integrada para estudos de processos celulares. Nós acreditamos que as ferramentas fotônicas são as ferramentas que preenchem todos os requisitos para os estudos de processos celulares, pois possibilitam o acompanhamento dos processos em tempo real sem causar dano as células. As técnicas presentes são: fluorescência excitada por 1 ou 2 fotons, geração de segundo ou terceiro harmônico, pinças ópticas, imagem por tempo de vida da fluorescência e "fluorescence correlation spectroscopy" (FCS). Nesta tese demonstramos como montar essa plataforma integrada e mostramos sua versatilidade com resultados em várias áreas da biologia e também para o estudo de quantum dots.Abstract: The scientific community believes there is a great chance that the next technological revolution is coming from the control of biological processes. Great changes are expected, from the way we produce food up to the way we fight diseases. The control of biological processes will allow us to produce synthetic meat as food, to produce biofuels extracting CO2 directly from the atmosphere, to produce whole synthetic organs for transplant and to fight diseases, like cancer, in more efficient ways. It is clear to our group that in order to obtain these results it is necessary to understand biology from its most basic unity: the cell. Only from understanding and controlling chemical reactions inside a cell, and more specifically from the DNA controlling, it will be possible to achieve these predictions and cause a revolution in the way we live nowadays. Bearing these thoughts in mind, the objective of this thesis was to develop an integrated photonic platform for study of cellular processes. We believe that photonic tools are the only tools that fulfill all the requeriments for studies of cellular processes because they are capable to follow processes in real time without any damage to the cells. The techniques integrated are: 1 or 2 photon excited fluorescence, second or third harmonic generation, optical tweezers, fluorescence lifetime imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this thesis we demonstraded how to assemble this integrated plataform and we showed its versatility with results from different areas of biology and quantum dots.DoutoradoFísicaDoutor em Ciência

Studying nanotoxic effects of CdTe quantum dots in Trypanosoma cruzi

Semiconductor nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs), were used to carry out experiments in vivo and ex vivo with Trypanosoma cruzi . However, questions have been raised regarding the nanotoxicity of QDs in living cells, microorganisms, tissues and whole animals. The objective of this paper was to conduct a QD nanotoxicity study on living T. cruzi protozoa using analytical methods. This was accomplished using in vitro experiments to test the interference of the QDs on parasite development, morphology and viability. Our results show that after 72 h, a 200 μM cadmium telluride (CdTe) QD solution induced important morphological alterations in T. cruzi, such as DNA damage, plasma membrane blebbing and mitochondrial swelling. Flow cytometry assays showed no damage to the plasma membrane when incubated with 200 μM CdTe QDs for up to 72 h (propidium iodide cells), giving no evidence of classical necrosis. Parasites incubated with 2 μM CdTe QDs still proliferated after seven days. In summary, a low concentration of CdTe QDs (2 μM) is optimal for bioimaging, whereas a high concentration (200 μM CdTe) could be toxic to cells. Taken together, our data indicate that 2 μM QD can be used for the successful long-term study of the parasite-vector interaction in real time

ArtinM Cytotoxicity in B Cells Derived from Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Depends on Syk and Src Family Kinases

Receptors on the immune cell surface have a variety of glycans that may account for the immunomodulation induced by lectins, which have a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) that binds to monosaccharides or oligosaccharides in a specific manner. ArtinM, a D-mannose-binding lectin obtained from Artocarpus heterophyllus, has affinity for the N-glycans core. Immunomodulation by ArtinM toward the Th1 phenotype occurs via its interaction with TLR2/CD14 N-glycans on antigen-presenting cells, as well as recognition of CD3γ N-glycans on murine CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. ArtinM exerts a cytotoxic effect on Jurkat human leukemic T-cell line and human myeloid leukemia cell line (NB4). The current study evaluated the effects of ArtinM on murine and human B cells derived from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. We found that murine B cells are recognized by ArtinM via the CRD, and the ArtinM stimulus did not augment the proliferation rate or production of IL-2. However, murine B cell incubation with ArtinM augmented the rate of apoptosis, and this cytotoxic effect of ArtinM was also seen in human B cell-lines sourced from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Raji cell line. This cytotoxic effect was inhibited by the phosphatase activity of CD45 on Lck, and the protein kinases of the Src family contribute to cell death triggered by ArtinM