Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test.  OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and  toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect

PREVALÊNCIA DE DERMATOPATIAS EM PEQUENOS ANIMAIS ATENDIDOS EM CLÍNICA VETERINÁRIA NO MUNICÍPIO DE JAGUARIBE-CE

Veterinary dermatology represents approximately 30% of the casuistry in the clinic of small animals, with important economic impact in the area, according to researches, dermatological cases present a huge prevalence in small animals, being the most common reason to be treated by veterinarians to avoid possible zoonoses. The present study aimed to analyze the incidence of dermatological affections and to characterize animals admitted to the consultation that attended on a veterinary clinic located in the city of Jaguaribe-CE. The study was quantitatively qualitative. The data were collected from January to December in the Veterinary Clinic Jaguaribana (CVJ), in the State of Ceará, on the small animal care sector, in 2017, based on the evaluation of the clinical records available on the care of dermatopathic dogs and cats and through semi-structured interviews with the responsible veterinarian. The results showed that in the year 2017 89 animals were treated, 27 (30.4%) cats and 62 (69.6%) dogs. Among the cats treated, 17 (63%) had some form of dermatitis and 10 (37%) had no dermatitis problems. Among the dogs treated, 48 (73%) had a dermatitis problem and 14 (27%) had no dermatitis problems. Different lesions have been reported in the clinical records of companion animals. The correct diagnosis of dermatopathies is confusing, due to the similarity of clinical signs and lack of resources, and many diseases with zoonotic potential may go unnoticed.A dermatologia veterinária representa aproximadamente 30% da casuística na clínica de pequenos animais, com importante impacto econômico na área, segundo pesquisas, os casos dermatológicos apresentam grande prevalência em pequenos animais, sendo o motivo mais comum de atendimento por veterinários para evitar possíveis zoonoses. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a incidência de afecções dermatológicas e caracterizar os animais admitidos à consulta que atendem em uma clínica veterinária localizada na cidade de Jaguaribe-CE. O estudo foi quantitativamente qualitativo. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro a dezembro na Clínica Veterinária Jaguaribana (CVJ), no Estado do Ceará, no setor de cuidados com pequenos animais, no ano de 2017, a partir da avaliação dos prontuários disponíveis sobre atendimento de cães e gatos dermatopatas e por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com o veterinário responsável. Os resultados mostraram que no ano de 2017 foram atendidos 89 animais, sendo 27 (30,4%) gatos e 62 (69,6%) cães. Entre os gatos tratados, 17 (63%) apresentavam algum tipo de dermatite e 10 (37%) não apresentavam problemas de dermatite. Entre os cães tratados, 48 ​​(73%) tiveram problema de dermatite e 14 (27%) não tiveram problemas de dermatite. Diferentes lesões foram relatadas nos registros clínicos de animais de companhia. O diagnóstico correto das dermatopatias é confuso, pela semelhança dos sinais clínicos e falta de recursos, e muitas doenças com potencial zoonótico podem passar despercebidas

PREVALÊNCIA DA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL CANINA NO MUNICÍPIO DE JAGUARIBE, CEARÁ

Visceral canine leishmaniasis (LVC) is a pathology caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, which affects dogs, the main urban reservoirs, which through humans can become infected. Considered a zoonotic disease in frank expansion and urbanization in Brazil. Thus, the objective of the study was to conduct an epidemiological survey of the cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis at the city of Jaguaribe, on the State of Ceará. The study shows that of the 31 dogs with positive LV results, 12% were from the urban area and 19% from the rural area, and 7% were female and 24% were male. According to the study, it is necessary to implement a policy of surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis, intensifying the actions of diagnosis, prevention and control of this zoonosis.  A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma patologia causada por um protozoário do gênero Leishmania, que acomete os cães, principais reservatórios urbanos, que através dos humanos podem se infectar. Considerada uma zoonose em franca expansão e urbanização no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento epidemiológico dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Jaguaribe, Estado do Ceará. O estudo mostra que dos 31 cães com LV positivo, 12% eram da zona urbana e 19% da zona rural, sendo 7% fêmeas e 24% machos. Segundo o estudo, é necessário implementar uma política de vigilância da leishmaniose visceral, intensificando as ações de diagnóstico, prevenção e controle desta zoonose

Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice

Abstract Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar

EFICACIA in vitro DO OLEO ESSENCIAL DE Corymbia citriodora Hill e Johnson (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook) SOBR Bovicola ovis (Schrank, 1781)

Os ectoparasitos são responsáveis por ocasionar perdas econômicos para produção animal. A resistência desses parasitos aos acaricidas impulsionou a busca por alternativas de controle eficazes e que ocasione com o mínimo impacto ambiental, destacando-se a fitoterapia. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a eficácia in vitro do óleo da folha de Corymbia citriodora sobre Bovicola ovis (Schrank, 1781). Foram coletados 900 espécimes de B. ovis e encaminhados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal. Os piolhos foram distribuídos nos seguintes grupos experimentais (tratamentos): G1, Óleo essencial de C. citriodora na concentração de 1000 mg/ml; 500 mg/ml; 250 mg/ml; 125 mg/ml; 62,5 mg/ml; 31,2 mg/ml e 15,6 mg/ml; G2, Tween 80 (3%) (controle negativo); e G3, amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Os dos dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. A concentração efetiva para inibir 50% (CE50) e 90% (CE90) da população foram determinadas por Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Foram obtidos 100% de mortalidade sobre os piolhos para as quatro primeiras concentrações (tratamentos) testadas (1000, 500, 250 e 125mg/ml). Os valores da CE50 e CE90 foram de 30,41 mg/mL e 118,18 mg/mL, respectivamente. O Óleo essencial de C. citriodora apresentou efeito pediculicida in vitro sobre B. ovis