Effects of different casing onto the yield of button mushroom

In Europe and Hungary Agaricus bisporus is the most widely cultivated mushroom. Because of the competition on the market and the increasing costs of production is necessary to optimize the cultivation conditions and develop its intensive production technologies. The casing of the substrate is a critical and essential part of the intensive cultivaion technologies. The casing layer is important because it helps to protect the substrate from some pathogens and also balances the alternating temperature. More than 90% of the button mushroom fruitbody is water and thus mainly supplied by the casing. This casing soil contains the essential microbiota for primordia formation like Pseudomonas putida which has an important role in pin head stage. Casing soils origine from different source, mainly bogs or fens. The major component of casing soil is usually some kind of peat, like Sphagnum peat or black peat and lime. There is many contradiction about the effect of this casing soils onto the mushroom production during cultivation. In this study, we collected 7 different casing soils from farmers and casing soil producers (1 Dutch, 2 Polish, 2 Romanian and 2 Hungarian) and monitored the changes of its electric conductivity (EC) and pH during a small-scale cultivation, and examined this casings effects onto the yield. According our experiment the pH had been decreasing and the electric conductivity had been increasing during the cultivation. There were no significant differences between the casings in the total yield, but our results underlined that quality of casing has a major importance in the mushroom cultivation

Development of Lycoriella ingenua and Bradysia impatiens on different phases of agaricus composts

Fungus gnats are small, dark colored, mosquito like fragile insects. They can be encountered all around the world, excluding places with extreme climate. Gnats prefer habitats that are damp with high relative humidity and rich in organic debris. Most of the species are not considered to be harmful in agriculture, but some may cause serious damage, especially in forcing of vegetable or ornamental plants. In mushroom production, however, they are considered as the most destructive pests; the damage caused by them alone can result in huge loss for mushroom farmers. In the Hungarian mushroom industry, fungus gnats damage mainly white-button mushroom, oyster mushroom and pioppino productions. Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) and Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) are the two most commonly found fungus gnat species from the family Sciaridae on Hungarian mushroom farms. We have conducted an experiment with the two aforementioned species, to find out, whether they can fully develop into adults, feeding purely on Agaricus compost diet. We used unspawned white button mushroom compost (phase 2) and spawned compost which has been colonized by the mycelia of Agaricus bisporus (phase 3). We did not conduct any experiment with the first compost phase, as it undergoes pasteurization, which eliminates any pests in it. We recorded emerging gnats only from phase 2 compost. Neither L. ingenua, nor B. impatiens could complete its development on phase 3 compost diet, furthermore not even pupae were observed in these breeding pots. From pots containing phase 2 compost, a total of 1607 adults emerged. The number of B. impatiens adults was 653, and 954 for L. ingenua. Sex ratios for the two species were different. For B. impatiens, the number of females was 1.36 times greater than that of males, in L. ingenua there were 1.7 times more males than females in total. Swarming took approximately 6 days for B. impatiens and 10 days for L. ingenua. From the experiment we can conclude that phase 3 compost, which is well interwoven with Agaricus bisporus mycelia is not suitable for B. impatiens and L. ingenua to complete their whole life cycle

DNA barcoding of wild Ganoderma specimens and cultivated strains in Hungary

The cosmopolitan polypore genus Ganoderma (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) has an enormous economic value, due to the caused diseases on different tree plantations (e.g. G. boninense in oil palms) and the medicinal properties of certain species (e.g. G. applanatum, G. lingzhi and G. sinense). The cultivated Ganoderma strains used by Hungarian growers originate both from selected wild strains or more often taxonomically not evaluated isolates with uncertain origin. However, based on morphological characteristics, the species concepts in the genus lack consensus, and the taxonomy of many Ganoderma taxa is thus problematic. Therefore, in addition to the morphological examination, suitable molecular methods have recently been required to the taxonomically correct identification of the wild Ganoderma species and cultivated strains in many cases. DNA barcode is a widely accepted tool for species identification and authentication of commercial products containing Ganoderma species. Among the tested fungal DNA barcoding markers, the application of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the most commonly used and it was formally proposed as the primary fungal barcode marker. Besides the ITS, several other DNA barcoding markers were used by different authors to clarify taxonomic difficulties in Ganoderma: e.g. β-tubulin, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, Tef1-α or the mtSSU rDNA sequence. Formerly, the Hungarian Ganoderma species (viz. G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. cupreolaccatum, G. lucidum and G. resinaceum) were briefly studied by Papp and Szabó (2013, in Acta Silv. Lign. Hung. 9: 71–83.), however, based on solely morphological charactersitics. In this study we aimed (i) to generate DNA barcoding sequences for all wild Ganoderma species observed in Hungary; furthermore, (ii) to investigate and evaluate the Hungarian cultivated strains labelled as “G. lucidum” and the Ganoderma spp. isolates preserved in culture collections, based on DNA barcoding sequence analysis. Supported by the ÚNKP-17-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities

Effects of different casing onto the yield of button mushroom

In Europe and Hungary Agaricus bisporus is the most widely cultivated mushroom. Because of the competition on the market and the increasing costs of production is necessary to optimize the cultivation conditions and develop its intensive production technologies. The casing of the substrate is a critical and essential part of the intensive cultivaion technologies. The casing layer is important because it helps to protect the substrate from some pathogens and also balances the alternating temperature. More than 90% of the button mushroom fruitbody is water and thus mainly supplied by the casing. This casing soil contains the essential microbiota for primordia formation like Pseudomonas putida which has an important role in pin head stage. Casing soils origine from different source, mainly bogs or fens. The major component of casing soil is usually some kind of peat, like Sphagnum peat or black peat and lime. There is many contradiction about the effect of this casing soils onto the mushroom production during cultivation. In this study, we collected 7 different casing soils from farmers and casing soil producers (1 Dutch, 2 Polish, 2 Romanian and 2 Hungarian) and monitored the changes of its electric conductivity (EC) and pH during a small-scale cultivation, and examined this casings effects onto the yield. According our experiment the pH had been decreasing and the electric conductivity had been increasing during the cultivation. There were no significant differences between the casings in the total yield, but our results underlined that quality of casing has a major importance in the mushroom cultivation

A kétspórás csiperkegomba (Agaricus bisporus) termesztésben alkalmazott több dúsítóanyag hatása a Lycoriella ingenua fejlődésére

Gallouédec Louis. L’enseignement public au Maroc. In: La revue pédagogique, tome 71, Juillet-Décembre 1917. pp. 313-339