5,425 research outputs found
Some solutions to the multivariate Behrens-Fisher problem for dissimilarity-based analyses
The essence of the generalised multivariate BehrensâFisher problem (BFP) is how to test the null hypothesis of equality of mean vectors for two or more populations when their dispersion matrices differ. Solutions to the BFP usually assume variables are multivariate normal and do not handle highâdimensional data. In ecology, species' count data are often highâdimensional, nonânormal and heterogeneous. Also, interest lies in analysing compositional dissimilarities among whole communities in nonâEuclidean (semiâmetric or nonâmetric) multivariate space. Hence, dissimilarityâbased tests by permutation (e.g., PERMANOVA, ANOSIM) are used to detect differences among groups of multivariate samples. Such tests are not robust, however, to heterogeneity of dispersions in the space of the chosen dissimilarity measure, most conspicuously for unbalanced designs. Here, we propose a modification to the PERMANOVA test statistic, coupled with either permutation or bootstrap resampling methods, as a solution to the BFP for dissimilarityâbased tests. Empirical simulations demonstrate that the type I error remains close to nominal significance levels under classical scenarios known to cause problems for the unâmodified test. Furthermore, the permutation approach is found to be more powerful than the (more conservative) bootstrap for detecting changes in community structure for real ecological datasets. The utility of the approach is shown through analysis of 809 species of benthic softâsediment invertebrates from 101 sites in five areas spanning 1960 km along the Norwegian continental shelf, based on the Jaccard dissimilarity measure
Use of approximations of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman inequality for solving periodic optimization problems
We show that necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality in periodic
optimization problems can be stated in terms of a solution of the corresponding
HJB inequality, the latter being equivalent to a max-min type variational
problem considered on the space of continuously differentiable functions. We
approximate the latter with a maximin problem on a finite dimensional subspace
of the space of continuously differentiable functions and show that a solution
of this problem (existing under natural controllability conditions) can be used
for construction of near optimal controls. We illustrate the construction with
a numerical example.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figure
Progression of sleep disturbances in Parkinsonâs Disease. A 5-year longitudinal study.
BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders can occur in early Parkinsonâs disease (PD). However, the relationship between different sleep disturbances and their longitudinal evolution has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency, coexistence and longitudinal change in excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), insomnia and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (pRBD) in early PD. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Parkinsonâs Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). EDS, insomnia, and pRBD were defined using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, MDS-UPDRS Part I sub-item 1.7, and RBD screening questionnaire. RESULTS: 218 PD subjects and 102 controls completed five years of follow up. At baseline, 69 (31.7%) PD subjects reported one type of sleep disturbance, 25 (11.5%) reported two types of sleep disturbances, and three (1.4%) reported all three types of sleep disturbances. At five years, the number of PD subjects reporting one, two and three types of sleep disturbances was 85 (39.0%), 51 (23.4%), and 16 (7.3%), respectively. Only 41(18.8%) patients were taking sleep medications. The largest increase in frequency was seen in insomnia (44.5%), followed by EDS (32.1%) and pRBD (31.2%). Insomnia was the most common sleep problem at any time over the 5-year follow-up. The frequency of sleep disturbances in HCs remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: There is a progressive increase in the frequency of sleep disturbances in PD, with the number of subjects reporting multiple sleep disturbances increasing over time. Relatively few patients reported multiple sleep disturbances, suggesting that they can have different pathogenesis. A large number of patients were not treated for their sleep disturbances
Non-supersymmetric heterotic model building
We investigate orbifold and smooth Calabi-Yau compactifications of the
non-supersymmetric heterotic SO(16)xSO(16) string. We focus on such Calabi-Yau
backgrounds in order to recycle commonly employed techniques, like index
theorems and cohomology theory, to determine both the fermionic and bosonic 4D
spectra. We argue that the N=0 theory never leads to tachyons on smooth
Calabi-Yaus in the large volume approximation. As twisted tachyons may arise on
certain singular orbifolds, we conjecture that such tachyonic states are lifted
in the full blow-up. We perform model searches on selected orbifold geometries.
In particular, we construct an explicit example of a Standard Model-like theory
with three generations and a single Higgs field.Comment: 1+30 pages latex, 11 tables; v2: references and minor revisions
added, matches version published in JHE
Why do Particle Clouds Generate Electric Charges?
Grains in desert sandstorms spontaneously generate strong electrical charges;
likewise volcanic dust plumes produce spectacular lightning displays. Charged
particle clouds also cause devastating explosions in food, drug and coal
processing industries. Despite the wide-ranging importance of granular charging
in both nature and industry, even the simplest aspects of its causes remain
elusive, because it is difficult to understand how inert grains in contact with
little more than other inert grains can generate the large charges observed.
Here, we present a simple yet predictive explanation for the charging of
granular materials in collisional flows. We argue from very basic
considerations that charge transfer can be expected in collisions of identical
dielectric grains in the presence of an electric field, and we confirm the
model's predictions using discrete-element simulations and a tabletop granular
experiment
What can managers learn online? Investigating possibilities for active understanding in the online MBA classroom
Online MBAs have become integral to business schoolsâ portfolios and the number of MBA students opting for an online version looks set to grow. In the wake of well documented critiques of traditional MBA formats, this expansion prompted us to examine the potential for critically reflexive learning ideals in asynchronous MBA learning environments. Building the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model we elaborate elements of Bakhtin and Shotterâs dialogism to develop the notion of âactive understandingâ as a means to study an online MBA classroom. We present two illustrative episodes to show how aspects of active understanding may unfold and we point to the role of infrastructure, curriculum and instructor interventions in developing more genuine dialogical exchanges. Our findings suggest that online MBA course designers can learn from CoI approaches to which we add that critically reflexive learning is situationally sensitive; requiring the capacity to create and recognize nuance and difference in the written communication; making the other the focus of learning. We conclude with implications for pedagogy and technology infrastructure
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