The Acid Hydrolysis Of Paper To Fermentable Sugars And The Subsequent Fermentation Of The Sugars To Ethanol

The process of hydrolysing the cellulose content of various waste materials to sugars was first utilised in Germany prior to World War II to counteract the industrial ethanol shortage which existed during that period. Now as the anticipated shortage of vital energy-producing fossil sources becomes more apparent, cellulose is once again recognised as an important potential source. A bench scale rig has been designed to effect the chemical hydrolysis of cellulose at high temperature (230°C) and pressure (3.4x106 Pa) with 1-2% sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The rate of conversion to sugars is a function of temperature and pH, and a screening and optimisation exercise of these variables has been undertaken. The yields of sugars achieved ranged from 0.4% to 30% conversion (glucose equivalent). The sugars formed were collected, neutralised and used for fermentation tests. These were carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and certain bacteria in pure and two-member batch and continuous cultures to produce ethanol. Analyses of yields, specific growth and production rates and concentrations were made, with which knowledge, comparison could be made between the performances of the various organisms on the hydrolysis sugars, under specified conditions. S. cerevisiae performed well in batch and continuous cultures and yields of ethanol near the theoretical maximum were achieved. Of the bacteria Aerobacter aerogenes gave a similar performance in continuous culture. The other two, Pseudomonas saccharophila and Bacillus polymyxa gave low yields and hindered the activities of the yeasts in two-member cultures

Utilization of the Short Form Zarit Burden Interview to Screen Dementia Caregivers for Caregiver Burden in the Clinic Setting

Informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are known to have increased caregiver burden. Research has shown caregiver burden places persons with ADRD and their caregivers at increased risk for poor health outcomes. Screening caregivers for increased caregiver burden is essential to identifying caregivers in need of additional support and improving such outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to conduct a needs assessment to determine if routine screening of informal caregivers of patients with ADRD for caregiver burden would identify increased caregiver burden and the need for intervention at an internal medicine clinic in the upper Midwest. This project utilized the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12) tool to screen informal caregivers over a 6-week period. All caregivers with increased caregiver burden were offered a referral to respite care, counseling, or case management. Results were used to evaluate the need for routine screening for increased caregiver burden. The number of referrals was also evaluated to determine the practicality of the provider in the clinic initiating referrals for additional support services. Of the 22 caregivers screened, 12 (54.5%) were found to have increased caregiver burden. Caregivers with increased caregiver burden were more likely to be female (9, 75%) and college educated (12,100%). Of those with increased caregiver burden, only 3 (25%) requested referral for support services. These findings indicate that over half of caregivers screened had increased caregiver burden. However, few requested referral for support services. Routine screening of informal caregivers may help identify increased caregiver burden; however, the limited number of caregivers interested in additional support services, requires further investigation. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, informal caregivers, screening, short form Zarit Burden Interview

From present to future : beyond becoming a nation of readers

Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-19)The work upon which this publication was based was supported in part by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement under Cooperative Agreement No. OEG 0087-C100

Why should airline workers be trained to respond to fume events?

The potential for engine oil and hydraulic fluid fumes to contaminate the ventilation air supplied to the aircraft cabin and flight deck has been recognized since the 1950s as a function of the design and maintenance of the bleed air system. The presence of oil and hydraulic fluid in the bleed air matters because the fumes contain complex mixtures of chemicals, including toxic additives. Starting in the 1950s and continuing to this day, crewmembers around the world have documented ill health during and after breathing these fumes. Also, some crewmembers have reported impairment and even incapacitation inflight, resulting in investigations by more than 12 air accident departments. Manufacturers, engineers, and unions have proposed various mitigation strategies including bleed air filtration, real-time sensors to provide early warning of contamination, improved preventive maintenance, and airliner worker training. To-date, though, none of these have been consistently applied. The simplest control measure to implement is training. To that end, the presenter will describe ongoing efforts to ensure that pilots, cabin crew, and maintenance workers are trained to recognize, respond to, and report fume events. The International Civil Aviation Organization, Airlines for America, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, and members of Congress have all proposed programs for airline worker training on fumes. Given the significant crew health and flight safety implications of breathing oil and hydraulic fluid fumes onboard, the importance of crew training cannot be understated

Spenser’s Narrative Figuration of Women in The Faerie Queene

Concentrating on major figures of women in The Faerie Queene, together with the figures constellated around them, Anderson\u27s Narrative Figuration explores the contribution of Spenser\u27s epic romance to an appreciation of women\u27s plights and possibilities in the age of Elizabeth. The figures she highlights encompass the idealization of Una, humanized by parody; the historicized fixation of Belphoebe; the cross-dressed complexity of Britomart; and the psychological misery of Serena, a throwback to Amoret. They range from cartoons to a fullness sharing numerous features with the Shakespearean women salient in recent debates about character. The critical lens most revealing for each important figure is markedly different, even while their interwoven experiences resonate and intersect across this culturally encyclopedic poem. Taken together, their stories have a meaningful tale to tell about the function of narrative, which proves central to figuration in the still moving, metamorphic poem that Spenser created.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/mip_rmemc/1000/thumbnail.jp

The Constitutionality of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978

Within its more limited scope, the Belfield decision provides a helpful approach to FISA cases by articulating both a solid rationale for FISA\u27s in camera, ex parte provision and a workable balancing approach for determining whether open proceedings may be necessary. The Falvey decision, although broader in scope, does not provide a satisfactory rationale for FISA\u27s deviation from the traditional fourth amendment warrant requirement, nor does it articulate a workable approach to evaluating a FISA-warranted surveillance. The Falvey court, by predicating its upholding of FISA on an acceptance of the national security exception, may perpetuate a debate that the statute attempted to foreclose. For circuits that have not endorsed warrantless national security surveillance by the Executive, the Falvey decision may not offer a satisfactory rationale for accepting FISA\u27s less-than-probable cause standard. Furthermore, Falvey\u27s substitution of a per se rule for Truong\u27s primarily for the purpose test may be open to constitutional attack in the future. The Falvey and Belfield decisions, along with the Truong footnote, very likely foreshadow the deferential treatment that a much-needed, complex, and extensively debated statute will receive in the courts. While the Belfield decision effectively defends FISA\u27s controversial in camera, ex parte provision, the Falvey decision will disappoint both FISA\u27s supporters and critics, who will have to wait for a more satisfactory statement of their views and a more convincing defense of FISA\u27s controversial deviation from traditional fourth amendment warrant requirements

\u3ci\u3eGossamer: A Modern Myth\u3c/i\u3e

Not long ago, the Sisters spoke the fabric of their latest whim: one spun, another wove the threa

Impacts of wildlife viewing: A case study of Dixville Notch wildlife viewing area

Major objectives of this study were to examine the motivations, knowledge level and attitudes of wildlife viewers as well as the response of moose to observation and other human caused stimuli at a designated wildlife viewing site. Moose and other wildlife are attracted to areas where road salt runoffs and pools in low areas around culverts and ditches creating wildlife viewing opportunities. This study examined whether moose behaviors such as visitation time and rate of use of the salt lick changed from preconstruction (1996) of a wildlife blind to wildlife viewing establishment (1999). Trailmaster monitors strategically located on trails entering the licks were used to determine that no changes in moose visitation and use patterns occurred. In addition moose responses to a variety of human stimuli including visitors in the viewing blind, visitors walking along the trail, visitors talking, cars stopping on the roadway, trucks passing and humans out of cars approaching moose were recorded during 42 observation periods conducted summers of 1997--1999. Moose showed no response to wildlife viewers using the viewing blind or walking along the trail, however, their behavior patterns changed when cars stopped along the road and trucks passed. A segment of the study involved interviewing 439 viewers at the site during 1997--1998 and then follow by a mail survey. Mail surveys were used to determine motivations, level of wildlife knowledge, satisfaction and attitudes toward wildlife management. The 209 completed surveys indicated viewers had a variety of motivations for watching wildlife and most were satisfied with their experiences in Dixville Notch. There were changes in knowledge level from the interview to the mail survey. In addition attitudes about managing wildlife viewing sites were provided including the willingness for more regulations, not wanting to have artificially created experiences and a willingness to forgo options which would increase the number of animals at the site. Results of this research provide recommendations for designing and planning wildlife viewing areas to maximize viewing and learning opportunities. A traditional multi-disciplinary and an interdisciplinary planning approach to using sociological and biological research results are discussed