Yngre på boligmarkedet 1987-1997

Et hovedformål med analysen er å undersøke boligetablering og boligkarriere for yngre i en tid da det er mange tegn på en vanskeligere etableringssituasjon. Det er lagt spesiell vekt på hvordan boligkarrieren formes i et samspill med familiekarriere og yrkeskarriere. En rekke trekk ved utviklingen i de yngres situasjon virker inn på boligetableringen. En av de viktigste endringer i perioden fra 1987 som vi ser på er at unge etablerer seg senere med familie. Det er færre som lever i parforhold, det gjelder først og fremst for kvinner i 20-årene. For både kvinner og menn i 20-årene er det blitt færre som har barn. Antallet unge på boligmarkedet vil naturligvis ha konsekvenser for etableringssituasjonen. I hele perioden økte antallet 30-åringer. Antallet 20-åringer økte litt på slutten av 1980-tallet. Deretter har det gått noe ned, men har først etter 1997 vært lavere enn i 1987. Også tidspunktet for å forlate foreldrehjemmet er viktig. Vår konklusjon er at det de siste ti årene er blitt færre unge menn som bor hos foreldrene, mens det ikke er noen endring for unge kvinner. Det har dermed blitt en tilnærming mellom menns og kvinners utflyttingsmønster

Utvikling i boforhold 1987-1997 : Rapport til Boligutvalget

Fire av fem voksne nordmenn bor i bolig som husholdningen eier, og enda flere ønsker å bo i eid bolig. Eierandelen totalt har endret seg lite de siste ti årene. Det har imidlertid blitt større generasjonsforskjeller. I 1987 var eierandelen lavest blant yngre og eldre. I de ti årene etter 1987 har eierandelen økt blant eldre, særlig enslige eldre, og blitt litt lavere blant yngre. Mye tyder på at det særlig har skjedd blant de mindre etablerte. Det er først og fremst blant unge/yngre enslige at andelen som bor i eid bolig er blitt redusert. Senere etablering blant unge har også bidratt til at eierandelen blant unge er redusert. Antakelig er også utviklingen blant de unge noe av forklaringen på at eierandelen blant "fattige" og blant sosialhjelpsmottakere har gått noe ned. Geografisk er forskjellene i andelen eiere forholdsvis små (andelen selveiere varierer imidlertid betydelig, og er lav i Oslo). Tallene kan tyde på at forskjellen mellom landsdelene er blitt litt redusert

Økonomi og levekår for ulike grupper trygdemottakere, 2001

Denne rapporten beskriver ulike sosiale forhold for følgende grupper av trygdemottakere: alderspensjonister, uførepensjonister, enslige forsørgere, langtidssyke, pensjonister med avtalefestet pensjon (AFP) og etterlatte pensjonister. I tillegg følger et eget kapitel om sosialhjelpsmottakere. Formålet med publikasjonen er å belyse ulike sider ved disse gruppenes økonomiske levekår og velferd, samt å vise hvordan utviklingen har vært innenfor disse områdene de siste årene. Levekårssituasjonen til gruppene er kartlagt ved hjelp av opplysninger om inntekt og formue, tilknyting til arbeidslivet, utdanning, helse og boligforhold. Til dette formålet er det benyttet data fra en rekke ulike kilder, fra heldekkende statistiske registre og databaser til mindre utvalgsundersøkelser. Publikasjonen er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Seksjon for inntekts- og lønnsstatistikk og Seksjon for levekårsstatistikk. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har vært ledet av en redaksjonskomité som har bestått av Arne S. Andersen, Eva Birkeland, Jon Epland og Mads Ivar Kirkeberg. I tillegg har følgene medarbeidere bidratt med materiale: Ingunn Helde, Ahmed Mohamed, Vidar Pedersen og Øyvind Sivertstøl. Marit Vågdal har stått for redigering og ferdigstilling av rapporten. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har blitt finansiert av Sosialdepartementet som del av et opplegg for fast sosial rapportering. Dette betyr at publikasjonen vi bli oppdatert med jevne mellomrom

Blood profile of proteins and steroid hormones predicts weight change after weight loss with interactions of dietary protein level and glycemic index

Weight regain after weight loss is common. In the Diogenes dietary intervention study, high protein and low glycemic index (GI) diet improved weight maintenance. OBJECTIVE: To identify blood predictors for weight change after weight loss following the dietary intervention within the Diogenes study. DESIGN: Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 8-week low caloric diet-induced weight loss from 48 women who continued to lose weight and 48 women who regained weight during subsequent 6-month dietary intervention period with 4 diets varying in protein and GI levels. Thirty-one proteins and 3 steroid hormones were measured. RESULTS: Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) was the most important predictor. Its greater reduction during the 8-week weight loss was related to continued weight loss during the subsequent 6 months, identified by both Logistic Regression and Random Forests analyses. The prediction power of ACE was influenced by immunoproteins, particularly fibrinogen. Leptin, luteinizing hormone and some immunoproteins showed interactions with dietary protein level, while interleukin 8 showed interaction with GI level on the prediction of weight maintenance. A predictor panel of 15 variables enabled an optimal classification by Random Forests with an error rate of 24±1%. A logistic regression model with independent variables from 9 blood analytes had a prediction accuracy of 92%. CONCLUSIONS: A selected panel of blood proteins/steroids can predict the weight change after weight loss. ACE may play an important role in weight maintenance. The interactions of blood factors with dietary components are important for personalized dietary advice after weight loss

Reproductive performance of Norwegian cattle from 1985 to 2005: trends and seasonality

Declining reproductive performance is a serious breeding concern in many countries. To reveal the situation in Norwegian cattle, trends in reproductive performance were studied using insemination reports from 1985 to 2005 and data based on herd recording files from 1989 to 2005. The total number of first services was 469.765 in 1985 declining to 335.712 in 2005. The number of recorded herds and animals declined from 21.588 to 14.718 and 360.289 to 309.452 from 1989 to 2005, respectively. Sixty days non-return rate after single inseminations (NR60) increased from 68.1 in 1985 to 72.7% in 2005 (p < 0.001) and the number of services per inseminated animal (NIA) decreased from 1.8 to 1.6 (p < 0.001) from 1985 to 2005. However, return rates 0–3 days post insemination (RR0-3) increased from 6 to 12% in the same period (p < 0.001). NR60 was higher and the RR0-3 was lower in the summer season compared to the winter season during the whole period. A fertility index (FS), has been calculated from the herd recording files each year from 1989 to 2005. The average FS-index did not show a significant trend and the calving interval was also fairly constant between 12.4 and 12.6 months during this period. The average interval from calving to first and last insemination, respectively, increased from a low of 79 and 102 days in 1990 to a high of 86 and 108 days in 2005. Both intervals were consistently longer for cows in first lactation than for cows in later lactations. The percentage of inseminated animals reported culled because of poor fertility decreased from 6.0% in 1989 to 4.6% in 1996 and thereafter again increased to 6% in 2005. In conclusion, most fertility measures, mainly comprising the Norwegian Red (NRF) breed, show a relatively high level of reproductive performance with a positive or a relatively constant trend during the last two decades

Thioredoxin 80-Activated-Monocytes (TAMs) Inhibit the Replication of Intracellular Pathogens

BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin 80 (Trx80) is an 80 amino acid natural cleavage product of Trx, produced primarily by monocytes. Trx80 induces differentiation of human monocytes into a novel cell type, named Trx80-activated-monocytes (TAMs). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this investigation we present evidence for a role of TAMs in the control of intracellular bacterial infections. As model pathogens we have chosen Listeria monocytogenes and Brucella abortus which replicate in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum respectively. Our data indicate that TAMs efficiently inhibit intracellular growth of both L. monocytogenes and B. abortus. Further analysis shows that Trx80 activation prevents the escape of GFP-tagged L. monocytogenes into the cytosol, and induces accumulation of the bacteria within the lysosomes. Inhibition of the lysosomal activity by chloroquine treatment resulted in higher replication of bacteria in TAMs compared to that observed in control cells 24 h post-infection, indicating that TAMs kill bacteria by preventing their escape from the endosomal compartments, which progress into a highly degradative phagolysosome. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results show that Trx80 potentiates the bactericidal activities of professional phagocytes, and contributes to the first line of defense against intracellular bacteria

Dilation of the ascending aorta in Turner syndrome - a prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The risk of aortic dissection is 100-fold increased in Turner syndrome (TS). Unfortunately, risk stratification is inadequate due to a lack of insight into the natural course of the syndrome-associated aortopathy. Therefore, this study aimed to prospectively assess aortic dimensions in TS.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighty adult TS patients were examined twice with a mean follow-up of 2.4 ± 0.4 years, and 67 healthy age and gender-matched controls were examined once. Aortic dimensions were measured at nine predefined positions using 3D, non-contrast and free-breathing cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Transthoracic echocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure were also performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At baseline, aortic diameters (body surface area indexed) were larger at all positions in TS. Aortic dilation was more prevalent at all positions excluding the distal transverse aortic arch. Aortic diameter increased in the aortic sinus, at the sinotubular junction and in the mid-ascending aorta with growth rates of 0.1 - 0.4 mm/year. Aortic diameters at all other positions were unchanged. The bicuspid aortic valve conferred higher aortic sinus growth rates (p < 0.05). No other predictors of aortic growth were identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A general aortopathy is present in TS with enlargement of the ascending aorta, which is accelerated in the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve.</p