RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPOMAGNESEMIA AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Magnesium is an important macro mineral in the mammalian cells. It is a cofactor for many enzymes involved inlipid metabolism like lipoprotein lipase, pyrophosphatase etc. In magnesium deficiency, these enzymes are defective and leads todyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Objective: To observe the association between hypomagnesemia and dyslipidemia intype 2 diabetic patients. Methodology: A case control South Indian population study consisted of control group (40 healthyindividuals) and case group (203 patients who were diagnosed as type 2 diabetes). Serum magnesium and lipid profile wasanalyzed in blood samples using standard kits in fully automated analyzer. The data was analyzed using Student’s ‘t’ test andcorrelation coefficient. Result: In the present study, a significant low serum magnesium levels (p<0.01) in case group wasobserved when compared to control group. A significant decreased cholesterol levels (p<0.05) and serum HDL levels (p<0.001)was observed in case group when compared to control group. In case group, we found a significant increased triglycerides(p<0.05) and LDL levels (p<0.001) when compared to control group. A positive correlation was observed between magnesiumand cholesterol (r = 0.195, p<0.01), magnesium and LDL (r = 0.202, p<0.01), magnesium and total cholesterol HDL ratio (r =0.142, p<0.05) in the case group. Conclusion: We observed hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes patients with dyslipidem

Characterization of Indium Doped Tin Disulphide Thin Films using Modified Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Precursor solutions of tin tetrachloride monohydrate (0.1 M), n-n dimethyl thiourea (0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M) were used to prepare Tin disulphide (SnS2) thin films had been deposited onto glass substrates at different molar concentration at the substrate temperature 573 K using modified spray pyrolysis technique. At the molar concentration ratio 1:2, the physical properties were studied for undoped and Indium doped tin disulphide thin films. Using hot probe technique, the films are found to be n type electrical conduction. X ray diffraction analysis revealed single phase tin disulphide thin film with higher intensity and belongs to hexagonal structure and the polycrystalline nature of a preferential orientation along (002) plane. The crystallites sizes were determined using the Full Width at Half Maximum values of Bragg peaks. SEM micrographs had shown that morphologies of the films changed with Indium doping. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra have been recorded for as prepared films in the visible wavelength range in nanometer. From the analysis of the absorption region data, direct and direct forbidden optical transition nature was determined for the films in the above wavelength range. FTIR study had been carried out for the bond evaluation

Site Response Study of Deep Soil Column in Lucknow, India

Earthquake activities in the many parts of world had shown the importance of local soil condition in the propagated wave motion. In this paper an attempt has been made to estimate site effects of deep soil column in Lucknow, Indo-Gangetic basin for scenario earthquakes at Himalayan plate boundary. Based on previous study, the synthetic ground motion has been generated using Stochastic Finite Fault model (FINSIM) for two scenario earthquakes at seismic gaps. One seismic gap called as western location/seismic gap is located about 307.88km from site and gives the peak ground acceleration of 0.11g at site. Another one is the Central seismic gap/location is located in central seismic gap at 229.77km from the site and gives the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.218g. The local soil layer details with standard penetration test N value have been collected for the main location in Lucknow from literates. The general soil found for this site is silty sand and silty clays having SPT N value up to above 100 up to a depth of 30m. The soil details extrapolated up to 100m by assuming linear variation from 30 m. The site response analysis has been carried out using equivalent linear and non linear approaches by employing SHAKE 2000 and Deep soil program. Input has been assigned at 30m 50, 75 and 100m to find effective depth of input motion. This study shows that the ground motions are being amplified within a depth of 50 to 80 m, but these results need to be further confirmed with large number of data. The input ground motions are amplified 1.06 to 2.5 times due to the soil condition

Psychosocial factors involved in first attempt suicide of young adults

The present study was conducted to assess the psychosocial risk factors & personality disorders in first attempt suicide individuals admitted in Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital, Tirunelveli. It was also intended to study the degree of suicide intent, stressful events they were under and their coping skills to overcome such stressor events. To sum up, it can be said that this study concurs with the finding of other studies in regard to predominance of adults in the age group between 17 & 24 years than the middle age adults of 25-34 years. Among the 30 cases, females of about 86% outnumbered males. There was more representation of single adults hailing from upper lower socio-economic sections, belonging to nuclear family of rural background. The occurrence was high in persons who were employed than unemployed. The persons with high suicide intent were also found to be under severe stress. Poisoning was found to be the most common method adopted by many attempters. Most common reason attributed for the suicide attempt was interpersonal problems within the family and the findings are similar to earlier studies. Two cases attempted suicide, after leaving a suicide note, among which one case was found to be having high suicide intent comparing others. The personality disorder more frequently encountered in this study of first attempt suicide was anankastic personality disorder than the borderline personality disorder which was often reported in repeated suicide attempts or deliberate self harm in many of the studies worldwide. The suicide intent score was comparatively more in persons with personality disorder than in persons with out personality disorder which was not statistically significant. The life events commonly met by the younger adults 17-24 age group were change in school, failure in exam, marriage, problems with in laws, pregnancy, unemployment, job related stress whereas spouse stops work, change in living conditions, minor mortgage were the life change events that were reported by the middle age adults of 25-34 years. The predominant coping mechanism adopted by the sample was problem based and emotion based than use of support

Correlation Between Low Strain Shear Modulus and Standard Penetration Test ‘N’ Values

In this study an attempt has been made to develop correlation between standard penetration test (SPT) N values and low strain shear modulus (Gmax). The field experiments of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) are carried out at 38 locations close to boreholes having Standard Penetration Test N values and in-situ density. These experimental data were generated and used for seismic microzonation of Bangalore, India. In-situ densities of subsurface layers were obtained from undisturbed soil samples collected from the boreholes. Shear wave velocity (Vs) profile with depth were obtained for the same locations or close to the boreholes using MASW. The low strain shear modulus values have been calculated using measured Vs and soil density. About 215 pairs of SPT N and shear modulus values are used for regression analysis and correlation between them are developed. The differences between fitted regression relations using measured and corrected N values were analyzed and presented. More details of correlation between shear modulus versus measured and corrected SPT N values and comparisons are presented elsewhere

Principles and Practices of Seismic Microzonation: Case Studies in India

This paper presents an overview of the principles and practices of seismic microzonation with some case studies in India. India has experienced major damages and loss of life due to earthquakes. Macrozonation map in Indian seismic code IS-1893 is frequently revised soon after a major earthquake in the country. New revision which was published in 2002 after Bhuj earthquake in 2001 contains four macro zones. These zones are based on geology and limited seismology input without considering geotechnical aspects such as site effects and liquefaction. In order to understand the earthquake vulnerability of major urban centers and prepare new zonation map, the Govt. of India has initiated microzonation of 63 cities in India after 2001 earthquake. Many microzonation studies are under progress and few of them have been completed. This paper presents an overview of these studies. Seismic microzonation of Jabalpur urban area is the first work in India towards seismic microzonation of Indian cities. Jabalpur study has provided many learning lessons to other studies. Preliminary microzonation of Delhi has been completed and detailed one is under progress. Seismic Hazard and Microzonation Atlas of the Sikkim Himalaya has been published with geological and seismological background. Microzonation of Guwahati was done based on geology, geomorphology, seismotectonics, soil characteristics, pre-dominant frequencies, peak ground acceleration, seismic hazard and demography. Seismic Microzonation of Dehradun has been prepared based on shear wave velocity with site response. First order Microzonation of Haldia has been developed based on peak ground acceleration, predominant frequency and elevation map. Different maps and results were presented for Gujarat microzonation based on noise survey and after shock data. None of these studies included the geotechnical aspects. The geotechnical aspects were fully incorporated in the recently completed Microzonation work of Bangalore and the ongoing study of Chennai microzonation. An overview of seismic microzonation studies in India is presented in this paper

An Application Oriented Integrated Unequal Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network consists of group of interconnected devices which are used to sense and exchange the gathered data from the sensing field to understand the perceptual information of the real world. For the importance of monitoring the real world environment, this paper introduces Application Based Integrated Framework for Unequal Clustering Algorithm in WSN. In this chapter the proposed algorithms are integrated together to comprise the data aggregation, cluster formation, Cluster Head election and re-clustering for prolonging the network lifetime in both small scale and large scale application of WSN. The proposed algorithms are chosen based on the required parameters for specified applications. The result shows that the proposed algorithm selects the preeminent suited clustering algorithm for particular applications significantl

Adenomyoepithelial tumours and myoepithelial carcinomas of the breast – a spectrum of monophasic and biphasic tumours dominated by immature myoepithelial cells

BACKGROUND: Adenomyoepithelial tumours and myoepithelial carcinomas of the breast are primarily defined by the presence of neoplastic cells with a myoepithelial immunophenotype. Current classification schemes are based on purely descriptive features and an assessment of individual prognosis is still problematic. METHODS: A series of 27 adenomyoepithelial tumours of the breast was analysed immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against various cytokeratins, p63, smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and vimentin. Additionally, double immunofluorescence and comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) was performed. RESULTS: Immunohistochemically, all the tumours showed a constant expression of high molecular weight cytokeratins (Ck) Ck5 and Ck14, p63, SMA and vimentin. With exception of one case diagnosed as myoepithelial carcinoma, all tested tumours expressed low molecular weight cytokeratin Ck18 in variable proportions of cells. Even in monophasic tumours lacking obvious glandular differentiation in conventional staining, a number of neoplastic cells still expressed those cytokeratins. Double immunofluorescence revealed tumour cells exclusively staining for Ck5/Ck14 in the presence of other cell populations that co-expressed high molecular weight Ck5/Ck14 as well as either low molecular weight Ck8/18 or SMA. Based on morphology, we assigned the series to three categories, benign, borderline and malignant. This classification was supported by a stepwise increase in cytogenetic alterations on CGH. CONCLUSION: Adenomyoepithelial tumours comprise a spectrum of neoplasms consisting of an admixture of glandular and myoepithelial differentiation patterns. As a key component SMA-positive cells co-expressing cytokeratins could be identified. Although categorisation of adenomyoepithelial tumours in benign, borderline and malignant was supported by results of CGH, any assessment of prognosis requires to be firmly based on morphological grounds. At present it is not yet clear, if and to what extent proposed Ck5-positive progenitor cells contribute to the immunohistochemical and morphological heterogeneity of these neoplasms of the breast