Machine learning in reservoir permeability prediction and modelling of fluid flow in porous media

Reliable data on the properties of the porous medium are necessary for the correct description of the process of displacing hydrocarbons from the reservoirs and forecasting reservoir performance. The true permeability of the reservoir is one of the most important parameters which determination is time-consuming, costly and require skilled labor. The paper describes the methodology for determining the permeability of a porous medium, based on machine learning. The results of laboratory experiments, available in the database (terrigenous reservoirs with permeability in the range from 12 to 1132 md), are used to train the neural network, and then to predict the reservoir permeability. Comparison of the predicted and calculated permeability values showed a fairly good match between them with the determination coefficient of 0.92. The last task considered in this paper is to obtain an analytical expression describing a fluid flow in a porous medium using machine learning. This procedure enabled to obtain a resultant equation of fluid flow in a wide range of reservoir parameters and pressure gradients, which can be used in reservoir simulators.publishedVersio

Application of multicriteria fuzzy clusterization approach to assess the arctic seas oil and gas field development prospects

The article describes a unified approach to the assessment of resources and business planning. As an example, the oil and gas resources of the Pechora Sea are considered in the paper. Based on the specifics of the problem (the quantity and quality of the available data and their nature), the methods of multicriteria fuzzy clusterization are used. The assessment of the prospects for the development of oil and gas fields was carried out using 3 criteria, namely: availability of resources (natural and climatic conditions of the region); hydrocarbon resources and their degree of exploration; economic assessment of the development. The results of such an analysis are presented in the form of maps of the Pechora Sea area, illustrating the most important and accessible areas and the sequence of their development. Such a stepwise development based on minimizing the risk and maximizing the benefits can be the basis for the successful and trouble-free development of the resources of the entire region.publishedVersio

An analytical model to predict the effects of suspended solids in injected water on the oil displacement efficiency during waterflooding

Suspended solids in the injection water cause impairment of water injectivity during waterflooding operations. Suspended solids affect reservoir properties and decrease the permeability of reservoir rocks causing an increase of injection pressure and a decrease in water injectivity. Removal of all suspended solids from injection water is an expensive and economically unfeasible process. To minimize the effects of suspended solids to the formation, it is necessary to determine an impairment mechanism of suspended solids on oil displacement and, therefore, optimize the water treatment process. In this paper, an analytical model that describes the relationship between injection water quality and impairment mechanisms on oil displacement is presented. A formation impairment was calculated, introducing the parameter called impairment ratio, which represents the ratio between suspended solids and pore size distribution of reservoir rock. Based on the impairment ratio, decreases in porosity and permeability were calculated with changes in capillary pressure, relative permeability, and displacement efficiency. The model was tested for three different types of injection water. Results indicated the presence of formation impairment even with the smallest particles. Suspended solids had the greatest influence on porosity and permeability impairment. The model could be used as input for reservoir modelling studies for monitoring and controlling displacement efficiency during waterflooding as well as for planning and modification of water treatment units

Chapter 2 Barents Sea oil and gas 2025

What are some of the possible futures for Barents Sea oil and gas? This chapter draws upon the key trends and issues covered by the book’s thematic chapters and presents three scenarios on the prospects for Norwegian–Russian cooperation in the Barents Sea. Ultimately human interaction will play a large part in how the Barents Sea is developed, and we have therefore given the scenarios metaphorical titles related to interaction between people

Chapter 2 Barents Sea oil and gas 2025

The Arctic region contains large amounts of natural resources considered necessary to sustain global economic growth, so it is unsurprising that it is increasingly susceptible to political, economic, environmental, and even military conflicts. This book looks in detail at the preconditions and outlook for international cooperation on the development of Arctic petroleum resources, focusing on Norwegian–Russian cooperation in the Barents Sea towards 2025. The authors provide a cross-disciplinary approach including geopolitical, institutional, technological, corporate and environmental perspectives to analyse the underlying factors that shape the future development of the region. Three future scenarios are developed, exploring various levels of cooperation and development influenced by and resulting from potential political, commercial and environmental circumstances. Through these scenarios, the book improves understanding of the challenges and opportunities for Arctic petroleum resource development and promotes further consideration of the possible outcomes of future cooperation. The book should be of interest to students, scholars and policy-makers working in the areas of Arctic studies, oil and gas studies, energy security, global environmental governance, environmental politics and environmental technology. Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter1.pdf Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter2.pdf Chapter 6 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter6.pd

Barents Sea oil and gas 2025 : Three scenarios

publishedVersio

Chapter 2 Barents Sea oil and gas 2025

The Arctic region contains large amounts of natural resources considered necessary to sustain global economic growth, so it is unsurprising that it is increasingly susceptible to political, economic, environmental, and even military conflicts. This book looks in detail at the preconditions and outlook for international cooperation on the development of Arctic petroleum resources, focusing on Norwegian–Russian cooperation in the Barents Sea towards 2025. The authors provide a cross-disciplinary approach including geopolitical, institutional, technological, corporate and environmental perspectives to analyse the underlying factors that shape the future development of the region. Three future scenarios are developed, exploring various levels of cooperation and development influenced by and resulting from potential political, commercial and environmental circumstances. Through these scenarios, the book improves understanding of the challenges and opportunities for Arctic petroleum resource development and promotes further consideration of the possible outcomes of future cooperation. The book should be of interest to students, scholars and policy-makers working in the areas of Arctic studies, oil and gas studies, energy security, global environmental governance, environmental politics and environmental technology. Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter1.pdf Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter2.pdf Chapter 6 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138783263_oachapter6.pd

Experimental study on the effect of rock pressure on sandstone permeability

The results of laboratory studies to determine the effect of effective stress on the permeability of sandstone are presented. During the test, the samples were subjected to a stepwise increase or decrease of the effective stress (at a constant pore pressure) in a specified step. The values of rock permeability at different values of effective stress were determined, and the influence of the grain size of the reservoir rock matrix on the character of the change in the sandstone permeability coefficient was also established. During the test, a decrease in permeability was observed with an increase in effective stress. It was found that as a result of gradual loading/unloading of the sandstone sample, the original permeability values were not restored, which indicates the beginning of the formation of residual strains in the rock. This effect should be taken into account when modeling field development because in the process of reserves extraction the effective stress acting on the reservoir rock skeleton changes, which results in a significant chang in rock permeability. The results of laboratory studies showed that the deviation of permeability in medium-grained sandstones relative to the initial value was greater than in medium- and fine-grained sandstones. The pressure sensitivity coefficient and constant of material, which are used in empirical relationships between permeability and effective stress, were numerically estimated. At the same time, the constant of material showed no such convergence, which indicates that the values of this parameter are individual for each rock

Inteligentne odwierty i optymalizacja produkcji oparta na modelu złoża

This paper is devoted to model-based optimization of smart well controls. Reservoir models are usually far from perfect because of the limited volume and quality of the available raw data, and the methods used to construct them, therefore model-based production optimization is extremely difficult and requires constant improvement of existing as well as the development of new approaches to its solution. The paper considers examples of some important, in our opinion, development tasks and shows possible ways of solving them, as well as a brief analysis of the results obtained with the help of approaches and methods that reflect different points of view on the uncertainty of the initial information and the accuracy of the forecast. Among the tasks considered: 1) separate and combined deployment of a smart injector and an EOR method (hot water injection); 2) use of smart wells to optimize the development of a small offshore oil field. As shown in the paper, the first task proved that quite significant synergy can arise due to the combined deployment of two IOR techniques (hot water injection and a smart injector). It also highlighted that synergy is quite insensitive to the uncertainty impact. The second task showed that the use of smart wells in combination with a proactive development strategy can significantly reduce the impact of uncertainty in the reservoir characterization on the reservoir performance. The economic efficiency of the proactive strategy in the considered example was proven to be 2–4 times higher when compared with the reactive control strategy.Artykuł jest poświęcony optymalizacji zarządzania inteligentnym odwiertem opartej na modelu złoża. Modele złóż są zwykle dalekie od doskonałości z powodu ograniczonej ilości i jakości dostępnych danych oraz metod używanych do ich tworzenia, dlatego optymalizacja produkcji oparta na modelu jest niezwykle trudna i wymaga ciągłego doskonalenia zarówno istniejących jak i rozwoju nowych rozwiązań. W artykule rozważono przykłady kilku ważnych, w naszej opinii, zadań rozwojowych i wskazano możliwe sposoby ich rozwiązania, przedstawiono również krótką analizę wyników uzyskanych za pomocą sposobów i metod, które odzwierciedlają różne punkty widzenia na temat niepewności danych początkowych i dokładności prognoz. Omawiane zadania obejmują: 1) oddzielne i połączone wdrożenie inteligentnego odwiertu zatłaczającego i metody EOR (zatłaczanie gorącej wody); 2) wykorzystanie inteligentnych odwiertów do optymalizacji zagospodarowania małego podmorskiego złoża ropy naftowej. Jak przedstawiono w artykule, prace wykonane w ramach pierwszego zadania udowodniły, że może wyniknąć dość znacząca synergia, dzięki połączonemu wdrożeniu dwóch technik IOR (zatłaczania gorącej wody i inteligentnego odwiertu zatłaczającego). Należy podkreślić, że synergia ta jest dość niewrażliwa na wpływ niepewności. Badania przeprowadzone w celu realizacji drugiego zadania wykazały, że wykorzystanie inteligentnych odwiertów w kombinacji z proaktywną strategią zagospodarowania może znacząco zmniejszyć wpływ niepewności charakterystyki złoża na jego wydajność. Efektywność ekonomiczna strategii proaktywnej w rozważanym przykładzie okazała się 2–4 razy wyższa w porównaniu do reaktywnej strategii zarządzania