Skin Cancer Detection and Classification

Skin cancer is a term given to the uncontrolled growth of strange skin cells. It occurs whenever unrepaired DNA damages to skin cells trigger mutations, or any other genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply readily and form malignant tumors. Image processing is a commonly used method for skin cancer detection from the appearance of the affected area on the skin. The input to the system is that the skin lesion image so by applying novel image process techniques, it analyses it to conclude about the presence of skin cancer. The Lesion Image analysis tools checks for the various Melanoma parameters Like Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, (ABCD rule), etc. by texture, size and form analysis for image segmentation and have stages. The extracted feature parameters are accustomed classify the image as traditional skin and malignant melanoma cancerlesion. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the important branches of Artificial Intelligence, which has been accepted as a brand-new technology in computer science for image processing. Neural Networks is currently the area of interest in medicine, particularly in the fields of radiology, urology, cardiology, oncology, etc. Neural Network plays a vital role in an exceedingly call network. It has been used to analyze Melanoma parameters Like Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, etc. which are calculated using MATLAB from skin cancer images intending to developing diagnostic algorithms that might improve triage practices in the emergency department. Using the ABCD rules for melanoma skin cancer, we use ANN in the classification stage. Initially, we train the network with known target values. The network is well trained with 96.9% accuracy, and then the unknown values are tested for the cancer classification. This classification method proves to be more efficient for skin cancer classification

HOW SAFE ARE OUR BABIES? AN IN-SIGHT ON EFFECT OF BISPHENOL A (BPA) ON DEVELOPMENT

Globally anthropogenic materials have replaced natural materials. These substances which were industrially useful have proved to be highly deleterious in recent decade. One of these compound is Bisphenol A (BPA), which is used in almost all food cans and containers. This paper focus on little known aspects of BPA which is an endocrine disruptor on oogenesis, gene implants, embryo development, mammary glands, prostate ,testis urethra. Exposure to even small concentrations of BPA have shown severe impact on different stages of embryo development. The behaviour modifications as well as carcinogenic effects are also discussed based on the studies on various animal models. Keywords: Bisphenol A, Leaching, Endocrine disruptor, Development, Carcinogenicity

INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBIOTIC MICROBIOTA ON CANCER

Cancer is the one of the deadly menace diseases with high medical significance which remains one of the keys that causes ailments and death, the security and firmness of the typical chemotherapeutics drugs and artificial agents used to accomplish cancer are doubtful now a days. These mediators affect the quality of life or sometimes they causative for progress of drug resistance and are not judicious to the majority of the patients So the clinical management of the cancer with high efficiency can done with the probiotic microbiota. An imbalance in the gut microbiota promotes the progress of carcinogenesis through several mechanisms, including inflammation, initiation of carcinogens, and tumorigenic pathways as well. In vivo and molecular studies have exhibited the support to role of probiotics in cancer. Probiotic agents are live microbes or components of microbes that have a positive effect on the host. They exert their action through interaction with the immune system of the host. Some of this effect is localized and some is in improvement in total body system. The Probiotic bacteria are the live microorganisms that, when directed in acceptable amounts, deliberate a healthy benefit on the host, and they have been considered for their protective anti-tumour effects. This review emphases on the role of probiotic microbiota as substitute for the prevention and treatment of cancer in the relation between gut microbiota and the progress of cancer

Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development

Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture

Students' participation in collaborative research should be recognised

Letter to the editor

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries

Background: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)