Effects of caffeine at oxidative damage and crystallization in cellular model of oxalate urolithiasis of proximal renal tubules (MDCK type I)

Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi toksični učinak kalcijevog oksalata u različitom razdoblju izloženosti na epitelnim stanicama proksimalnih bubrežnih tubula staničnog tipa MDCK tip I. Nadalje, procijeniti učinkovitost kofeina u sprječavanju nastanka kristalizacije kalcijevog okslata u staničnom modelu urolitijaze te izmjeriti koncentraciju glutationa u epitelnim stanicama proksimalnih bubrežnih tubula staničnog tipa MDCK tip I nakon tretmana kalcijevim oksalatom i kofeinom. Nacrt studije: Stručna istraživačka studija. Materijali i metode: Od kemikalija korišten je kalcijev oksalat (Sigma - Aldrich) te kofein (Sigma). Korištena stanična kultura je Madin - Darby canine kidney cells podtipa I (MDCK tip I). Stanice uzgojene u jednosloju u pločici sa šest jažica te inkubirane do pune konfluentnosti su tretirane kalcijevim oksalatom i kofeinom u odgovarajućim koncentracijama. Svjetlosnom mikroskopijom praćen je nastanak kristalizacije nakon 1 sata, 3 sata te nakon 24 sata. Koncentracija ukupnog glutationa izmjerena je spektrofotometrijski pomoću komercijalno dostupnog kita prema protokolu proizvođača. Preživljenje stanica određeno je ekskluzijskim testom Trypan Blue bojom u suspenziji uz pomoć Neubauerovog hemocitometra pod svjetlosnim mikroskopom. Rezultati: Nakon inkubiranja stanica s kristalima kalcijevog oksalata u različitim koncentracijama kofeina pokazano je kako kofein uzrokuje značajno smanjenje broja kristala kalcijevog oksalata te značajno povećanje vijabilnosti stanica proporcionalno s povećanjem njegove koncentracije. Nadalje, izmjerene koncentracije ukupnog glutationa pokazale su smanjenje oksidativnog opterećenja stanica tretiranih s kofeinom i kalcijevim oksalatom u odnosu na stanice tretirane samo kalcijevim oksalatom. Zaključak: Dokazan je protektivni učinak kofeina na MDCK tip I stanice izložene toksičnom djelovanju kristala kalcijevog oksalata. Također, rezultati sugeriraju da je kofein potencijalni antioksidans u spriječavnju oksidativnog oštećenja stanica.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of calcium oxalate at different periods of exposure to epithelial cells of proximal renal cell types MDCK type I. Furthermore, to evaluate the effectiveness of caffeine in the formation of calcium oxide crystallization in the urolithiasis cellular model and measure the glutathione concentration in epithelial cells of proximal MDCK type I cell carcinoma tubes after treatment with calcium oxalate and caffeine. Study design: Laboratory research study. Materials and methods: Chemicals used included calcium oxalate (Sigma - Aldrich) and caffeine (Sigma). The cell culture used in the study was Madin - Darby's canine kidney cells subtype I (MDCK type I). Cells incubated to full confluence were treated with calcium oxalate and caffeine at appropriate concentrations and incubated at 37°C at 5% CO2 and light microscopy followed the formation of crystallization after 1 hour, 3 hours, and after 24 hours. The concentration of total glutathione (tGSH) was measured by spectrophotometry using a commercially available kit (Glutathione Assay Kit, Sigma - Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell survival was determined by the exclusive Trypan Blue (Sigma - Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) suspension dye using Neubauer's hemocytometer under a light microscope. Results: After incubating cells with calcium oxalate crystals at various caffeine concentrations, caffeine has been shown to cause a significant reduction in the number of crystalline calcium oxalate and significantly increase cell viability proportionally to increased concentrations. Furthermore, measured total glutathione concentrations showed a decrease in the oxidative load of the treated cells with caffeine and calcium oxalate compared to the cells treated only with calcium oxalate. Conclusion: The protective effect of caffeine on MDCK type I cells has been shown to be toxic to the action of calcium oxalate crystals. Caffeine represents potential therapy in the treatment of urolithiasis, i.e. a preventative substance for the production of kidney stones. Also, the results suggest that caffeine is a potential antioxidant in the prevention of oxidative cell damage

Influence of Caffeine on Crystallization and Amelioration of Oxidative Stress on in vitro Model of Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis is a disease characterized by formation of solid crystals within the urinary tract. Kidney stone formation is still not clear but it is mostly composed of calcium oxalate which can produce free radicals that are toxic to renal tubular cells. Oxidative stress is an important contributory mechanism in cell damage and is associated with a number of disorders. Several studies have shown antioxidative effects of caffeine, proposing its possible role in stopping the formation of calcium oxalate stones in urinary tract. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM) on renal epithelial cell line; Madin-Darby canine kidney cells subtype I (MDCK I) and Epithelial-like pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1), and to determine possible inhibition of COM that caused oxidative stress by antioxidant treatment with caffeine in different concentrations in a cell culture model of urolithiasis

Nicotine dependence and clinical expression of schizophrenia in a Croatian population

Cilj: Studije koje su istražile povezanost između kliničkih značajki shizofrenije i ovisnosti o nikotinu rezultirale su proturječnim rezultatima, a velik je broj istraživanja uključio samo muške pacijente u analizu. S obzirom na to da slične studije nisu provedene u našoj populaciji, ispitali smo pridonosi li i u kojoj mjeri ovisnost o nikotinu u pacijenata sa shizofrenijom u hrvatskoj populaciji dobi nastupa bolesti i težini kliničkih simptoma ocjenske ljestvice PANSS-a (engl. Positive and Negative Symptom Scale). Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 265 pacijenata (muškarci/žene: 140/125). Dob prve hospitalizacije u sklopu koje je postavljena dijagnoza shizofrenije uzeta je kao približna dob početka bolesti, a evaluacija PANSS psihopatologije provedena je u akutnoj fazi bolesti tijekom posljednje hospitalizacije. Pacijenti su podijeljeni u skupinu pušača, koji puše najmanje jednu cigaretu dnevno u periodu duljem od godine dana, i skupinu nepušača, koji nikada tijekom života nisu pušili. Rezultati: Ovisnost o nikotinu, pronađena u otprilike dvije trećine pacijenata (muškarci: 70,7 %, žene: 62,4 %) dvostruko je češće zastupljena u odnosu na opću hrvatsku populaciju. Vrijednosti simptoma PANSS psihopatologije nisu se znatnije razlikovale između pušača i nepušača, niti kod pacijenata, niti kod pacijentica (P > 0,05), dok je dob prve hospitalizacije pokazala značajnu povezanost s ovisnosti o nikotinu isključivo u pacijenata. Uočeno je da muškarci koji puše obolijevaju značajno ranije u odnosu na muškarce nepušače (25,3 ± 6,8 vs. 28,8 ± 9,3; F = 5,15, P = 0,025). Pušenje pridonosi dobi prve hospitalizacije u muških pacijenata s približno 4 % (β = -0,21; promjena multiplog R2 = 0,04; P = 0,024). Zaključak: Ovisnost o nikotinu pridonosi u manjoj mjeri ranijoj pojavi bolesti u muškaraca, ali nije povezana s težinom simptoma ocjenske ljestvice PANSS-a niti u pacijenata niti u pacijentica.Aim: Studies investigating the association between clinical features of schizophrenia and nicotine dependence have yielded contradictory results, and the majority of them included only male patients in the analysis. Since similar studies have not been performed in our population, we investigated whether, and to what extent, the nicotine dependence might contribute to age of onset and data of Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) psychopathology, among schizophrenia patients in the Croatian population. Patients and methods: The study comprised 265 patients (males/females: 140/125). Age at first hospital admission, at which the diagnosis of schizophrenia was used, was determined as the age of onset, while evaluation of PANSS psychopathology was performed during an acute illness state at the time of last hospital admission. Smokers were defined as persons who smoked more than one cigarette daily for more than one year, and nonsmokers were defined as persons who never smoked in their life. Results: Nicotine dependence, revealed among approximately two-third of patients (males: 70.7%, females: 62.4%), is twice as frequent as in the general Croatian population. PANSS psychopathology scores did not differ significantly between smokers and nonsmokers, neither among males, nor among females (P > 0.05), while nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the age at first hospital admission only among male patients. It has been detected that male smokers had a significantly earlier onset when compared to male nonsmokers (25.3 ± 6.8 vs. 28.8 ± 9.3, F = 5.15, P = 0.025). The nicotine dependence contributed to the age at first hospitalization among male patients by approximately 4% (β = -0.21; multiple R2 change = 0.04; P = 0.024). Conclusion: Nicotine dependence may contribute, to a smaller extent, to an earlier onset among males, while it is not associated with severity of PANSS psychopathology neither among male, nor among female patients

THE OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP SELECTIVE FORMS OF TOURISM IN ŠIBENIK-KNIN COUNTRY

Selektivni je turizam ekološki svjestan, socijalno odgovoran, kulturno izvoran, etički vrijednosan, tržišno konkurentan i ekonomski profitabilan. Motiv je ključni činitelj određivanja selektivnih vrsta turizma. Temeljem navedenog svaka regija, destinacija, područje ima svoju neku prednost u odnosu na druge destinacije te temeljem svojih potencijala treba razvijati selektivne oblike turizma. U ovom radu bit će objašnjeni selektivni oblici turizma, te potencijali Šibensko-kninske županije koji bi se mogli u budućnosti razvijati.Selective tourism is environmentally conscious, socially responsible, culturally authentic, ethical, market-competitive and economically profitable. The motive is a key factor in determining selective types of tourism. Based on each of these regions, destinations, the area has its own advantage over other destinations and based on its potential it is necessary to develop selective forms of tourism. This paper will discuss the selective forms of tourism and the potentials of the Šibenik-Knin County, which could be developed in the future

Vitamin D

Vitamin D pripada skupini vitamina topljivih u mastima. U organizam se unosi putem malobrojnih namirnica koje sadrže vitamin D, dodacima prehrani ili putem sunčevih zraka koje pokreću endogenu sintezu u jetri i bubregu. Nalazimo ga u dva važna oblika: vitamin D2 (ergokalciferol) i D3 (kolekalciferol). Vitamin D je u organizmu inertan dok ne prođe dvije hidroksilacije u jetri i bubregu te postane biološki aktivan. Vitamin D najčešće povezujemo sa zdravljem kostiju i sprječavanjem razvitka osteomalacije i rahitisa. Važna spoznaja je da je gen za vitamin D eksprimiran u živim stanicama, a oko 3% ljudskog genoma je pod njegovom kontrolom. Stoga novija istraživanja ukazuju na povoljan utjecaj vitamina D na imunološki i kardiovaskularni sustav te prevenciju autoimunih i zloćudnih bolesti. Povećana javna svijest o zdravstvenim blagodatima vezanim za vitamin D može povećati rizik od toksičnih učinaka uslijed samostalne primjene vitamina u dozama većim od preporučenih za dob i tjelesnu težinu. Meso masne ribe poput tune, skuše i lososa te ulja riblje jetre su među najbogatijim izvorima vitamina D. Male količine se nalaze u siru, goveđoj jetri i žumanjku. Neke gljive također osiguravaju vitamin D u raznim količinama. Također, komercijalno je dostupan u različitim oblicima uključujući kapsule topljive u vodi i ulju, koncentrate, tablete, gume za žvakanje, sprejeve, injekcije te oralne kapi koje su jedini prihvatljivi oblik doziranja za dojenčad. Za djecu stariju od 1 godine i odrasle osobe do 70 godina preporučen je dnevni unos 600 IU vitamina D dnevno, a za osobe starije od 70 godina preporuča se dnevni unos od 800 IU na dan. Za dojenčad je preporučen dnevni unos od 400 IU na dan.Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. It is taken into the body through a few foods that contain vitamin D, dietary supplements or through the sun's rays that trigger endogenous synthesis in the liver and kidneys. It may be found in two important forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (colecalciferol). Vitamin D is inert in the body until it undergoes two hydroxylations in the liver and kidney and becomes biologically active. Vitamin D is most commonly associated with bone health and preventing the development of osteomalacia and rickets. An important finding is that the vitamin D gene is expressed in all living cells, and about 3% of the human genome is under its control. Therefore, recent research indicates a beneficial effect of vitamin D on the immune and cardiovascular systems and the prevention of autoimmune and malignant diseases. Increased public awareness of the health benefits associated with vitamin D may increase the risk of toxic effects due to self-administration of the vitamin in doses higher than those recommended for age and body weight. Fatty fish meats such as tuna, mackerel and salmon, and fish liver oil are among the richest sources of vitamin D. Small amounts are found in cheese, beef liver, and egg yolk. Some mushrooms also provide vitamin D in various amounts. It is also commercially available in a variety of forms including water and oil soluble capsules, concentrates, tablets, chewing gums, sprays, injections, and oral drops that are the only acceptable dosage form for infants. For children older than 1 year and adults up to 70 years, a daily intake of 600 IU of vitamin D per day is recommended, and for people older than 70 years, a daily intake of 800 IU per day is recommended. A daily intake of 400 IU per day is recommended for infants

Effects of caffeine at oxidative damage and crystallization in cellular model of oxalate urolithiasis of proximal renal tubules (MDCK type I)

Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi toksični učinak kalcijevog oksalata u različitom razdoblju izloženosti na epitelnim stanicama proksimalnih bubrežnih tubula staničnog tipa MDCK tip I. Nadalje, procijeniti učinkovitost kofeina u sprječavanju nastanka kristalizacije kalcijevog okslata u staničnom modelu urolitijaze te izmjeriti koncentraciju glutationa u epitelnim stanicama proksimalnih bubrežnih tubula staničnog tipa MDCK tip I nakon tretmana kalcijevim oksalatom i kofeinom. Nacrt studije: Stručna istraživačka studija. Materijali i metode: Od kemikalija korišten je kalcijev oksalat (Sigma - Aldrich) te kofein (Sigma). Korištena stanična kultura je Madin - Darby canine kidney cells podtipa I (MDCK tip I). Stanice uzgojene u jednosloju u pločici sa šest jažica te inkubirane do pune konfluentnosti su tretirane kalcijevim oksalatom i kofeinom u odgovarajućim koncentracijama. Svjetlosnom mikroskopijom praćen je nastanak kristalizacije nakon 1 sata, 3 sata te nakon 24 sata. Koncentracija ukupnog glutationa izmjerena je spektrofotometrijski pomoću komercijalno dostupnog kita prema protokolu proizvođača. Preživljenje stanica određeno je ekskluzijskim testom Trypan Blue bojom u suspenziji uz pomoć Neubauerovog hemocitometra pod svjetlosnim mikroskopom. Rezultati: Nakon inkubiranja stanica s kristalima kalcijevog oksalata u različitim koncentracijama kofeina pokazano je kako kofein uzrokuje značajno smanjenje broja kristala kalcijevog oksalata te značajno povećanje vijabilnosti stanica proporcionalno s povećanjem njegove koncentracije. Nadalje, izmjerene koncentracije ukupnog glutationa pokazale su smanjenje oksidativnog opterećenja stanica tretiranih s kofeinom i kalcijevim oksalatom u odnosu na stanice tretirane samo kalcijevim oksalatom. Zaključak: Dokazan je protektivni učinak kofeina na MDCK tip I stanice izložene toksičnom djelovanju kristala kalcijevog oksalata. Također, rezultati sugeriraju da je kofein potencijalni antioksidans u spriječavnju oksidativnog oštećenja stanica.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of calcium oxalate at different periods of exposure to epithelial cells of proximal renal cell types MDCK type I. Furthermore, to evaluate the effectiveness of caffeine in the formation of calcium oxide crystallization in the urolithiasis cellular model and measure the glutathione concentration in epithelial cells of proximal MDCK type I cell carcinoma tubes after treatment with calcium oxalate and caffeine. Study design: Laboratory research study. Materials and methods: Chemicals used included calcium oxalate (Sigma - Aldrich) and caffeine (Sigma). The cell culture used in the study was Madin - Darby's canine kidney cells subtype I (MDCK type I). Cells incubated to full confluence were treated with calcium oxalate and caffeine at appropriate concentrations and incubated at 37°C at 5% CO2 and light microscopy followed the formation of crystallization after 1 hour, 3 hours, and after 24 hours. The concentration of total glutathione (tGSH) was measured by spectrophotometry using a commercially available kit (Glutathione Assay Kit, Sigma - Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell survival was determined by the exclusive Trypan Blue (Sigma - Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) suspension dye using Neubauer's hemocytometer under a light microscope. Results: After incubating cells with calcium oxalate crystals at various caffeine concentrations, caffeine has been shown to cause a significant reduction in the number of crystalline calcium oxalate and significantly increase cell viability proportionally to increased concentrations. Furthermore, measured total glutathione concentrations showed a decrease in the oxidative load of the treated cells with caffeine and calcium oxalate compared to the cells treated only with calcium oxalate. Conclusion: The protective effect of caffeine on MDCK type I cells has been shown to be toxic to the action of calcium oxalate crystals. Caffeine represents potential therapy in the treatment of urolithiasis, i.e. a preventative substance for the production of kidney stones. Also, the results suggest that caffeine is a potential antioxidant in the prevention of oxidative cell damage

STRATEGIC MARKETING

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je pojasniti pojam strategijskog marketinga. Da bi objasnili taj pojam potrebno je znati što je strategija, a što marketing. Financije, poslovanje, računovodstvo i druge poslovne funkcije zaista neće biti značajne bez dovoljne potražnje za proizvodima i uslugama, tako da tvrtka može donositi profit. Drugim riječima, mora postojati gornja linija da bi postojala donja linija. Dakle, financijski uspjeh često ovisi o marketinškim sposobnostima. Uspješan marketing gradi potražnju za proizvodima i uslugama, što zauzvrat stvara radna mjesta. Strategija je način kako se trebaju koristiti pojedini resursi da bi se iskoristile prednosti okolnosti za stvaranje željenih učinaka.Jednostavno rečeno, strategija je način ostvarenja ciljeva.The aim of this thesis is to clarify the concept of strategic marketing. To explain this concept, one needs to know what is strategy Thus and what is marketing. Finance, business, accounting and other business functions will not really be significant without sufficient production and service costs, so the company can make a profit. In other words, there must be an upper line in order for there to be a lower line. So, financial success often depends on market capability. Successful marketing degree of demand for products and services, which in turn create jobs. The strategy is to somehow leverage individual resources to take advantage of the environment to achieve the desired effects. Uniquely obtained, strategy is a way of achieving goal

Vitamin D

Vitamin D pripada skupini vitamina topljivih u mastima. U organizam se unosi putem malobrojnih namirnica koje sadrže vitamin D, dodacima prehrani ili putem sunčevih zraka koje pokreću endogenu sintezu u jetri i bubregu. Nalazimo ga u dva važna oblika: vitamin D2 (ergokalciferol) i D3 (kolekalciferol). Vitamin D je u organizmu inertan dok ne prođe dvije hidroksilacije u jetri i bubregu te postane biološki aktivan. Vitamin D najčešće povezujemo sa zdravljem kostiju i sprječavanjem razvitka osteomalacije i rahitisa. Važna spoznaja je da je gen za vitamin D eksprimiran u živim stanicama, a oko 3% ljudskog genoma je pod njegovom kontrolom. Stoga novija istraživanja ukazuju na povoljan utjecaj vitamina D na imunološki i kardiovaskularni sustav te prevenciju autoimunih i zloćudnih bolesti. Povećana javna svijest o zdravstvenim blagodatima vezanim za vitamin D može povećati rizik od toksičnih učinaka uslijed samostalne primjene vitamina u dozama većim od preporučenih za dob i tjelesnu težinu. Meso masne ribe poput tune, skuše i lososa te ulja riblje jetre su među najbogatijim izvorima vitamina D. Male količine se nalaze u siru, goveđoj jetri i žumanjku. Neke gljive također osiguravaju vitamin D u raznim količinama. Također, komercijalno je dostupan u različitim oblicima uključujući kapsule topljive u vodi i ulju, koncentrate, tablete, gume za žvakanje, sprejeve, injekcije te oralne kapi koje su jedini prihvatljivi oblik doziranja za dojenčad. Za djecu stariju od 1 godine i odrasle osobe do 70 godina preporučen je dnevni unos 600 IU vitamina D dnevno, a za osobe starije od 70 godina preporuča se dnevni unos od 800 IU na dan. Za dojenčad je preporučen dnevni unos od 400 IU na dan.Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. It is taken into the body through a few foods that contain vitamin D, dietary supplements or through the sun's rays that trigger endogenous synthesis in the liver and kidneys. It may be found in two important forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (colecalciferol). Vitamin D is inert in the body until it undergoes two hydroxylations in the liver and kidney and becomes biologically active. Vitamin D is most commonly associated with bone health and preventing the development of osteomalacia and rickets. An important finding is that the vitamin D gene is expressed in all living cells, and about 3% of the human genome is under its control. Therefore, recent research indicates a beneficial effect of vitamin D on the immune and cardiovascular systems and the prevention of autoimmune and malignant diseases. Increased public awareness of the health benefits associated with vitamin D may increase the risk of toxic effects due to self-administration of the vitamin in doses higher than those recommended for age and body weight. Fatty fish meats such as tuna, mackerel and salmon, and fish liver oil are among the richest sources of vitamin D. Small amounts are found in cheese, beef liver, and egg yolk. Some mushrooms also provide vitamin D in various amounts. It is also commercially available in a variety of forms including water and oil soluble capsules, concentrates, tablets, chewing gums, sprays, injections, and oral drops that are the only acceptable dosage form for infants. For children older than 1 year and adults up to 70 years, a daily intake of 600 IU of vitamin D per day is recommended, and for people older than 70 years, a daily intake of 800 IU per day is recommended. A daily intake of 400 IU per day is recommended for infants

Vitamin D

Vitamin D pripada skupini vitamina topljivih u mastima. U organizam se unosi putem malobrojnih namirnica koje sadrže vitamin D, dodacima prehrani ili putem sunčevih zraka koje pokreću endogenu sintezu u jetri i bubregu. Nalazimo ga u dva važna oblika: vitamin D2 (ergokalciferol) i D3 (kolekalciferol). Vitamin D je u organizmu inertan dok ne prođe dvije hidroksilacije u jetri i bubregu te postane biološki aktivan. Vitamin D najčešće povezujemo sa zdravljem kostiju i sprječavanjem razvitka osteomalacije i rahitisa. Važna spoznaja je da je gen za vitamin D eksprimiran u živim stanicama, a oko 3% ljudskog genoma je pod njegovom kontrolom. Stoga novija istraživanja ukazuju na povoljan utjecaj vitamina D na imunološki i kardiovaskularni sustav te prevenciju autoimunih i zloćudnih bolesti. Povećana javna svijest o zdravstvenim blagodatima vezanim za vitamin D može povećati rizik od toksičnih učinaka uslijed samostalne primjene vitamina u dozama većim od preporučenih za dob i tjelesnu težinu. Meso masne ribe poput tune, skuše i lososa te ulja riblje jetre su među najbogatijim izvorima vitamina D. Male količine se nalaze u siru, goveđoj jetri i žumanjku. Neke gljive također osiguravaju vitamin D u raznim količinama. Također, komercijalno je dostupan u različitim oblicima uključujući kapsule topljive u vodi i ulju, koncentrate, tablete, gume za žvakanje, sprejeve, injekcije te oralne kapi koje su jedini prihvatljivi oblik doziranja za dojenčad. Za djecu stariju od 1 godine i odrasle osobe do 70 godina preporučen je dnevni unos 600 IU vitamina D dnevno, a za osobe starije od 70 godina preporuča se dnevni unos od 800 IU na dan. Za dojenčad je preporučen dnevni unos od 400 IU na dan.Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. It is taken into the body through a few foods that contain vitamin D, dietary supplements or through the sun's rays that trigger endogenous synthesis in the liver and kidneys. It may be found in two important forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (colecalciferol). Vitamin D is inert in the body until it undergoes two hydroxylations in the liver and kidney and becomes biologically active. Vitamin D is most commonly associated with bone health and preventing the development of osteomalacia and rickets. An important finding is that the vitamin D gene is expressed in all living cells, and about 3% of the human genome is under its control. Therefore, recent research indicates a beneficial effect of vitamin D on the immune and cardiovascular systems and the prevention of autoimmune and malignant diseases. Increased public awareness of the health benefits associated with vitamin D may increase the risk of toxic effects due to self-administration of the vitamin in doses higher than those recommended for age and body weight. Fatty fish meats such as tuna, mackerel and salmon, and fish liver oil are among the richest sources of vitamin D. Small amounts are found in cheese, beef liver, and egg yolk. Some mushrooms also provide vitamin D in various amounts. It is also commercially available in a variety of forms including water and oil soluble capsules, concentrates, tablets, chewing gums, sprays, injections, and oral drops that are the only acceptable dosage form for infants. For children older than 1 year and adults up to 70 years, a daily intake of 600 IU of vitamin D per day is recommended, and for people older than 70 years, a daily intake of 800 IU per day is recommended. A daily intake of 400 IU per day is recommended for infants

STRATEGIC MARKETING

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je pojasniti pojam strategijskog marketinga. Da bi objasnili taj pojam potrebno je znati što je strategija, a što marketing. Financije, poslovanje, računovodstvo i druge poslovne funkcije zaista neće biti značajne bez dovoljne potražnje za proizvodima i uslugama, tako da tvrtka može donositi profit. Drugim riječima, mora postojati gornja linija da bi postojala donja linija. Dakle, financijski uspjeh često ovisi o marketinškim sposobnostima. Uspješan marketing gradi potražnju za proizvodima i uslugama, što zauzvrat stvara radna mjesta. Strategija je način kako se trebaju koristiti pojedini resursi da bi se iskoristile prednosti okolnosti za stvaranje željenih učinaka.Jednostavno rečeno, strategija je način ostvarenja ciljeva.The aim of this thesis is to clarify the concept of strategic marketing. To explain this concept, one needs to know what is strategy Thus and what is marketing. Finance, business, accounting and other business functions will not really be significant without sufficient production and service costs, so the company can make a profit. In other words, there must be an upper line in order for there to be a lower line. So, financial success often depends on market capability. Successful marketing degree of demand for products and services, which in turn create jobs. The strategy is to somehow leverage individual resources to take advantage of the environment to achieve the desired effects. Uniquely obtained, strategy is a way of achieving goal