A Política Criminal no Estado de Direito do Século XXI - os desafios da segurança

Assiste-se ao advento de uma nova sociedade global, de risco e marcadamente tecnológica, cada vez mais disponível para ceder liberdade a troco de segurança, que coloca renovados desafios ao direito de punir dos Estados democráticos. Á luz da progressiva introdução de uma racionalidade de controlo e de eficácia na nova gestão pública (New Public Management), este artigo analisa alguns desenvolvimentos da política criminal atual, com destaque para o movimento de criminalização, a utilização da estratégia de compliance e o incremento do sistema punitivo

O DIREITO (PENAL), A CIÊNCIA E O PARADOXO DE ZENÃO — A JUSTIÇA PENAL PREDITIVA E A DETERMINAÇÃO DA MEDIDA DA PENA

O DIREITO (PENAL), A CIÊNCIA E O PARADOXO DE ZENÃO — A JUSTIÇA PENAL PREDITIVA E A DETERMINAÇÃO DA MEDIDA DA PEN

O Direito Penal europeu à luz do princípio da necessidade – o caso do abuso de mercado

The aim of this study is to assess the legitimacy of the Market Abuse Directive (2014/57/EU), from the point of view of the criterion of the need for criminal intervention in the terms set out in Article 83 (2) TFEU. The question is qualitatively different from the one posed at the national level, which is linked to the principle of subsidiarity of Union law. It requires a ‘constitutional’ and ‘restrictive’ interpretation of that rule by means of ‘evidence’, in concrete rather than abstract terms, of the ‘essential’ nature of criminal proceedings in order to ensure the effectiveness of Union law in an area subjected to harmonization measures. The criterion was already enshrined in the jurisprudence of the CJEU, which called for ‘clear factual evidence’ in its densification. The analysis of the arguments in the Proposal of the Directive concludes that they are vague, generic and symbolic and do not give substance to the need for criminal intervention at European level to combat serious fraud in the financial market regime.Objetivo do presente estudo é apreciar a legitimidade da Diretiva Abuso de Mercado (2014/57/UE), do ponto de vista do critério da necessidade da intervenção penal nos termos consagrados no artigo 83.º, n.º 2, do TFUE. A questão é qualitativamente diferente da que se coloca ao nível nacional, ligando-se ao princípio da subsidiariedade do direito da União. Exige uma interpretação «constitucional» e «restritiva» daquela norma, mediante a «prova», em termos concretos e não abstratos, do caráter «essencial » da intervenção penal para assegurar a eficácia do direito da União numa área que tenha sido objeto de medidas de harmonização. O critério teve já consagração na jurisprudência do TJUE, que reclamou «prova factual clara» na sua densificação. Da análise dos argumentos da Proposta de Diretiva conclui-se que eles são vagos, genéricos e simbólicos e não conferem substância à necessidade de intervenção penal, a nível europeu, para lutar contra as fraudes graves ao regime dos mercados financeiros

Contribution for new genetic markers of rheumatoid arthritis activity and severity : sequencing of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter

© 2007 Fonseca et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedThe objective of this study was to assess whether clinical measures of rheumatoid arthritis activity and severity were influenced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter genotype/haplotype markers. Each patient's disease activity was assessed by the disease activity score using 28 joint counts (DAS28) and functional capacity by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score. Systemic manifestations, radiological damage evaluated by the Sharp/van der Heijde (SvdH) score, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug use, joint surgeries, and work disability were also assessed. The promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene, between nucleotides -1,318 and +49, was sequenced using an automated platform. Five hundred fifty-four patients were evaluated and genotyped for 10 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, but 5 of these markers were excluded due to failure to fall within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or to monomorphism. Patients with more than 10 years of disease duration (DD) presented significant associations between the -857 SNP and systemic manifestations, as well as joint surgeries. Associations were also found between the -308 SNP and work disability in patients with more than 2 years of DD and radiological damage in patients with less than 10 years of DD. A borderline effect was found between the -238 SNP and HAQ score and radiological damage in patients with 2 to 10 years of DD. An association was also found between haplotypes and the SvdH score for those with more than 10 years of DD. An association was found between some TNF-alpha promoter SNPs and systemic manifestations, radiological progression, HAQ score, work disability, and joint surgeries, particularly in some classes of DD and between haplotypes and radiological progression for those with more than 10 years of DD.This work was supported by grant POCTI/SAU-ESP/59111/2004 from Fundação Ciência e Tecnologia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La confiance mutuelle dans l'espace pénal européen/Mutual Trust in the European Criminal Area

L'ouvrage constitue une réflexion approfondie sur la problématique de la confiance mutuelle dans l'espace pénal européen, un thème d’une brûlante actualité dès lors que l'importance de la confiance mutuelle dans cet espace va croissant

Práticas artísticas no ensino básico e secundário

As matérias-primas têm as marcas da sua origem, da sua localidade. Mas também é verdade que o centro de um processo educativo é não raramente desequilibrado pelas tensões hegemónicas e culturais. A reprodução do saber e da habilitação simbólica é uma das agências da hegemonia cultural. Perante os discursos hegemónicos, pós colonizadores, há propostas de resistência: a contextualização, o valor cultural local, a identidade. Entre as expressões dos vários países o tema é tratado em alguns dos 17 artigos que se apresentam neste 15º número da revista Matéria-Prima.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery