Prevalence of dementia subtypes in a developing country: a clinicopathological study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of dementia subtypes in Brazil using a population-based clinicopathological study. METHOD: Brains from deceased individuals aged ≥50 years old were collected after the next of kin signed an informed consent form and provided information through standardized questionnaires. Post-mortem clinical diagnoses were established in consensus meetings, and only cases with moderate or severe dementia or without cognitive impairment were included in the analysis. Immunohistochemical neuropathological examinations were performed following the universally accepted guidelines. A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was made when there were at least both a moderate density of neuritic plaques (Consortium to Establish a Register for Alzheimer's disease B or C) and Braak stage III for neurofibrillary tangle distribution. For the diagnosis of vascular dementia, at least three zones or strategic areas had to be affected by infarcts, lacunae, or microinfarcts. RESULTS: From 1,291 subjects, 113 cases were classified as having moderate or severe dementia, and 972 cases were free of cognitive impairment. The neuropathological diagnoses of the dementia sub-group were Alzheimer's disease (35.4%), vascular dementia (21.2%), Alzheimer's disease plus vascular dementia (13.3%), and other causes of dementia (30.1%). Small-vessel disease, which alone was not considered sufficient for a vascular dementia diagnosis, was present in 38.9% of all of the dementia cases and in 16.8% of the group without cognitive impairment (odds ratio = 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-5.51), adjusted for age, sex, and education. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high frequencies of vascular dementia and small-vessel disease in the dementia sub-group constitute relevant findings for public health initiatives because control of vascular risk factors could decrease the prevalence of dementia in developing countries

Caracterização da substância negra humana durante o envelhecimento

INTRODUÇÃO: A presença e extensão da perda neuronal no encéfalo dos idosos ainda é controversa. A substância negra (SN) é uma região localizada no mesencéfalo e caracterizada macroscopicamente pela coloração escura, devido à presença neuromelanina. O envelhecimento da SN ainda é um mistério, mas existem grandes quantidades de estudos relativos às modificações sofridas por essa região com o passar dos anos. Alguns estudos detectaram perda neuronal na SN durante o envelhecimento, enquanto outros afirmam que não há alteração significativa durante esse processo. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as alterações que ocorrem na SN durante o envelhecimento humano, em indivíduos sem sintomas da doença de Parkinson, do ponto de vista citoarquitetônico em 3D. CASUÍSTICA E METODOLOGIA:O presente projeto faz parte do Projeto Envelhecimento Cerebral (PEC) do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral (GEEC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). Foram utilizados 18 casos, classificados em quatro faixas etárias. Quinze casos foram analisados estereológicamente e recontruídos tridimensionalmente. Para estes, foram determinados número de neurônios, volume da SN e densidade neuronal e submetidos à testes estatísticos não paramétricos. Três casos foram imunocorados com quatro diferentes anticorpos: anti tirosina-hidroxilase (TH), anti proteína tau hiperfosforilada, anti proteína alfa-sinucleína e anti calbindina D28k (Calb) e analisados qualitativamente. RESULTADOS: As lâminas imunocoradas com anticorpo anti -sinucleína e anti-tau, foram negativas. As lâminas imunocoradas com anticorpo anti- TH e anti-Calb D28k foram positivas. Dos quinze casos analisados estereologicamente, Para o número de neurônios, encontrou-se: mediana de 504.575 células, valor mínimo de 348.662 células e valor máximo de 672.172 células. Para o volume, encontrou-se mediana de 190,8mm3; valor mínimo de 134,1 mm3 e valor máximo de 267,3mm3. Para a densidade total média, encontrou-se a mediana de 2.517,4 cel/mm3, valor mínimo de 1.603,1 cel/mm3 e valor máximo de 5.015,7 cel/mm3. Realizou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman para as três variáveis neuronais, correlacionando hemisfério direito e esquerdo, encontrou-se uma correlação moderada para número de neurônios e volume, e correlação forte para densidade. Com o mesmo teste, realizou-se análise das variáveis neuronais em função da idade, e não houve alteração estatisticamente significativa. Apenas uma tendência à diminuição no volume total da SN em relação à idade. Também verificou-se a relação entre as variáveis neuronais, por gênero em função da idade e não houve alteração estatisticamente significativa. Nas reconstruções tridimensionais, verificou-se uma grande variabilidade interpessoal entre as 15 SN reconstruídas. DISCUSSÃO: Diversos estudos estereológicos foram feitos, mas poucos deles com análise estereológica sem viés e a maior parte deles demonstra diminuição no número de neurônios, discordando dos achados atuais. A reconstrução tridimensional também não descreve alterações decorrentes do envelhecimento, mas aparentemente modificações interpessoais. CONCLUSÃO: As características da substância negra se mantém ao longo dos anos, porém, ainda devem ser muito mais estudadasINTRODUTION: Some aspects about maco and micro braischanges are suffering modifications along the years. The presence and extension of neuronal lost in elderly still a big and polemic issue. The SUBSTANTIA NIGRA (SN) is located at the midbrain and characterized by the dark color due to the pigmented neurons, which contain neuromelanin. The SNs aging is still a mystery, nevertheless, there are great researches related to these changes suffered in this region by the years. Some of the researches noticed that neuronal lost in SN during the aging, while others claim that there are no significant modifications through this process.OBJECTIVE: Describing SN changes during the human aging in individuals with no Parkinsons disease symptoms, from the 3D cytoarchitectonic point of view. METHODS: This project is part of the Brain Aging Project of Brain Aging Study Group, in University of São Paulo Medical School. Eighteen cases had been analyzed and classified into four ages groups. Fifteen cases had been analyzed with stereological methos and 3D reconstructed. During the stereological analysis, were determinate the neuronal number, SN volume, neuronal density and submitted to nonparametric statistics test. Three cases had been immunostained with 4 different antibodies anti tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), anti hyperphosphorylated tau (anti-tau), anti alfa-synuclein (alpha-syn) e anti calbindin D28k (Calb) and qualitatively analyzed. RESULTS: The immunostained slices with the anti alpha-syn and anti-tau antibodies were negative. The immunostained slices with anti TH and anti calb D28K antibodies were positive. From the 15 cases estereologically analyzed, 53,3% were female and 46,7% male. Had been analyzed neuron numbers, SN volume and neuronal density. For the neural numbers were found median of 504.575 cells, minimum value of 348.662 cells and maximum value of 672.172 cells. For the volume were found median of 190,8mm³; minimum value of 134,1mm³ and maximum value of 267,3mm³. For the total density, was found median of de 2.517,4 cel/mm³, minimum value of 1603,1 cel/mm³ , maximum value of 5015,7 cel/mm³. The Spearmans correlation test had been done to the three neuronal variable correlating the right and left hemispheres and was a moderated correlation between neuron numbers and neuron volume and strong correlation to density. Using the same test, the rate neuron by the age analysis had been concluded and there was no significant change.There was noticed just one trend to the reduction in the SN total volume related to aging. It was also checked the relation between the neurons variety by gender considering aging and there was no significant changes. In the 3D reconstruction, was possible to notice a great interpersonal variability between the 15 SN rebuilt. DISCUSSION: Many stereological researches had been done, however, a few of them used the unbiased stereological analysis and most of them show a reduction in the neuron number, disagreeing from the current conclusions. The 3D reconstruction also dont describe changes as aging result, but apparently interpersonal changes. CONCLUSION: The Substantia Nigra maintain the same characteristics along the years, however, it must be much more explore

Brainstem pathology and non-motor symptoms in PD

Parkinson`s disease (PD) is considered a multisystem disorder involving dopaminergic, noradrenergic. serotoninergic. and cholinergic systems, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The causes of the non-motor symptoms in PD are multifactorial and unlikely to be explained by single lesions However, several evidence link them to damage of specific brainstem nuclei Numerous brainstem nuclei are engaged in fundamental homeostatic mechanisms, including gastrointestinal regulation, pain perception, mood control, and sleep-wake cycles In addition, these nuclei are locally interconnected in a complex manner and are subject to supraspinal control. The objective of this review is to provide a better overview of the current knowledge about the consequences of the involvement of specific brainstem nuclei to the most prevalent non-motor symptoms occurring in PD The multidisciplinary efforts of research directed to these non-nigral brainstem nuclei, in addition to the topographical and chronological spread of the disease - especially in the prodromal stages of PD. are discussed (C) 2009 Elsevier B V. All rights reserve

Enrichment of single neurons and defined brain regions from human brain tissue samples for subsequent proteome analysis

Brain function in normal aging and neurological diseases has long been a subject of interest. With current technology, it is possible to go beyond descriptive analyses to characterize brain cell populations at the molecular level. However, the brain comprises over 100 billion highly specialized cells, and it is a challenge to discriminate different cell groups for analyses. Isolating intact neurons is not feasible with traditional methods, such as tissue homogenization techniques. The advent of laser microdissection techniques promises to overcome previous limitations in the isolation of specific cells. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolating and analyzing neurons from postmortem human brain tissue samples. We describe a workflow for successfully freezing, sectioning and staining tissue for laser microdissection. This protocol was validated by mass spectrometric analysis. Isolated neurons can also be employed for western blotting or PCR. This protocol will enable further examinations of brain cell-specific molecular pathways and aid in elucidating distinct brain functions. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Wien19111sciescopu

TDP‐43 Proteinopathy in Cognitively Normal Elderly

Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy is the major hallmark of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is also present in a subset of Alzheimer's disease cases. Recently, few reports showed TDP-43 changes in cognitively normal elderly. In Caucasians, TDP-43 proteinopathy independently correlate with cognitive decline. However, it is challenging to establish direct links between cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms and protein inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases because individual cognitive reserves modify the threshold for clinical disease expression. Cognitive reserve is influenced by demographic, environmental and genetic factors. We investigated the relationships between demographic, clinical and neuropathological variables and TDP-43 proteinopathy in a large multiethnic sample of cognitively normal elderly. TDP-43 proteinopathy was identified in 10.5%, independently associated with older age (P = 0.03) and Asian ethnicity (P = 0.002). Asians showed a higher prevalence of TDP-43 proteinopathy than Caucasians, even after adjustment for sex, age, Braak stage and schooling (odds ratio = 3.50, confidence interval 1.41-8.69, P = 0.007). These findings suggested that Asian older adults may be protected from the clinical manifestation of brain TDP-43 proteinopathy. Future studies are needed to identify possible race-related protective factors against clinical expression of TDP-43 proteinopathies

High thickness histological sections as alternative to study the three-dimensional microscopic human sub-cortical neuroanatomy

Stereotaxy is based on the precise image-guided spatial localization of targets within the human brain. Even with the recent advances in MRI technology, histological examination renders different (and complementary) information of the nervous tissue. Although several maps have been selected as a basis for correlating imaging results with the anatomical locations of sub-cortical structures, technical limitations interfere in a point-to-point correlation between imaging and anatomy due to the lack of precise correction for post-mortem tissue deformations caused by tissue fixation and processing. We present an alternative method to parcellate human brain cytoarchitectural regions, minimizing deformations caused by post-mortem and tissue-processing artifacts and enhancing segmentation by means of modified high thickness histological techniques and registration with MRI of the same specimen and into MNI space (ICBM152). A three-dimensional (3D) histological atlas of the human thalamus, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain cholinergic system is displayed. Structure's segmentations were performed in high-resolution dark-field and light-field microscopy. Bidimensional non-linear registration of the histological slices was followed by 3D registration with in situ MRI of the same subject. Manual and automated registration procedures were adopted and compared. To evaluate the quality of the registration procedures, Dice similarity coefficient and normalized weighted spectral distance were calculated and the results indicate good overlap between registered volumes and a small shape difference between them in both manual and automated registration methods. High thickness high-resolution histological slices in combination with registration to in situ MRI of the same subject provide an effective alternative method to study nuclear boundaries in the human brain, enhancing segmentation and demanding less resources and time for tissue processing than traditional methods

Three-dimensional and stereological characterization of the human substantia nigra during aging

The human brain undergoes non-uniform changes during aging. The substantia nigra (SN), the source of major dopaminergic pathways in the brain, is particularly vulnerable to changes in the progression of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. To establish normative data for high-resolution imaging, and to further clinical and anatomical studies we analyzed SNs from fifteen subjects aged 50–91 cognitively normal human subjects without signs of parkinsonism. Complete brains or brainstems with substantia nigra were formalin fixed, celloidin-mounted, serially cut and Nissl-stained. The shapes of all SNs investigated were reconstructed using fast, high-resolution computer-assisted 3D reconstruction software. We found a negative correlation between age and SN volume (p=0.04 rho=−0.53), with great variability in neuronal numbers and density across participants. The 3D reconstructions revealed SN inter- and intra-individual variability. Furthermore, we observed that human SN is a neuronal reticulum, rather than a group of isolated neuronal islands. Caution is required when using SN volume as a surrogate for SN status in individual subjects. The use of multimodal sequences including those for fiber tracts may enhance the value of imaging as a diagnostic tool to assess SN in vivo. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed for understanding the structure-function interaction of human SN