New Insights into the Immunological Changes in IL-10-Deficient Mice during the Course of Spontaneous Inflammation in the Gut Mucosa

IL-10 is a regulatory cytokine that plays a major role in the homeostasis of the gut and this is illustrated by the fact that IL-10−/− mice develop spontaneous colitis. In this study, IL-10−/− mice were analyzed for immunological changes during colitis development. We found a reduced frequency of regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and higher frequency of activated T cells in the colon that precedes the macroscopic signs of the disease. Production of IL-17 and IFN-γ was higher in the colon. Colitis progression culminates with the reduction of CD4+LAP+ regulatory T cells in the intestine. Frequency of B1 cells and the secretory IgA production were both elevated. Despite these alterations, 16-week-old IL-10−/− mice could be rendered tolerant by a continuous feeding protocol. Our study provides detailed analysis of changes that precede colitis and it also suggests that oral tolerance could be used to design novel alternative therapies for the disease

PRÁTICA DE CAMPO: APRENDIZAGEM SOBRE BIODIVERSIDADE E PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL VERIFICADA EM DISCENTES DA ESCOLA ESTADUAL PIRASSUNUNGA, SP.

A realização de aulas relacionadas a Ciências da Natureza em ambientes naturais tem sido apontada como prática educacional eficaz e eficiente, tanto por envolver e motivar adolescentes nas atividades educativas, quanto por caracterizar importante instrumento relacionado à superação da fragmentação dos conteúdos escolares. Este trabalho fundamentou-se em uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa participativa como procedimento metodológico, enquadrando-se aos propósitos iniciais da pesquisa para a consecução de seus objetivos. Desta forma, foi utilizada a modalidade pesquisa-ação, por ser capaz de proporcionar a manifestação do coletivo. A prática de campo realizada no Parque Estadual de Porto Ferreira auxiliou efetivamente na aprendizagem dos conhecimentos de Educação Ambiental e Biologia, principalmente com relação à identificação e compreensão dos caracteres e importância de fatores bióticos do meio. Sugere-se a presença de Geógrafos, além de Biólogos na composição de equipes multidisciplinares para viagens pedagógicas de tal natureza, a fim de tornar mais eficiente o ensino sobre fatores abióticos do meio ambiente. Tal prática motiva os discentes a aprender e integra por meio da interdisciplinaridade e transdisciplinaridade conteúdos fragmentados do currículo escolar relacionados à Biogeografia

Cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in Brazil and states during 1990–2015 : a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015

Background: Reliable data on cause of death (COD) are fundamental for planning and resource allocation priorities. We used GBD 2015 estimates to examine levels and trends for the leading causes of death in Brazil from 1990 to 2015. Methods: We describe the main analytical approaches focused on both overall and specific causes of death for Brazil and Brazilian states. Results: There was an overall improvement in life expectancy at birth from 1990 to 2015, but with important heterogeneity among states. Reduced mortality due to diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other infectious diseases contributed the most for increasing life expectancy in most states from the North and Northeast regions. Reduced mortality due to cardiovascular diseases was the highest contributor in the South, Southeast, and Center West regions. However, among men, intentional injuries reduced life expectancy in 17 out of 27 states. Although age-standardized rates due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease declined over time, these remained the leading CODs in the country and states. In contrast, leading causes of premature mortality changed substantially - e.g., diarrheal diseases moved from 1st to 13th and then the 36th position in 1990, 2005, and 2015, respectively, while violence moved from 7th to 1st and to 2nd. Overall, the total age-standardized years of life lost (YLL) rate was reduced from 1990 to 2015, bringing the burden of premature deaths closer to expected rates given the country’s Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In 1990, IHD, stroke, diarrhea, neonatal preterm birth complications, road injury, and violence had ratios higher than the expected, while in 2015 only violence was higher, overall and in all states, according to the SDI. Conclusions: A widespread reduction of mortality levels occurred in Brazil from 1990 to 2015, particularly among children under 5 years old. Major shifts in mortality rates took place among communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders. The mortality profile has shifted to older ages with increases in non-communicable diseases as well as premature deaths due to violence. Policymakers should address health interventions accordingly

Estudo longitudinal da população materno-infantil da região urbana do Sul do Brasil, 1993: aspectos metodológicos e resultados preliminares [Longitudinal study of the mother and child population in an urban region of southern Brazil, 1993: methodological aspects and preliminary results]

All babies born in the hospitals of the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 1982 were studied soon after delivery and followed up prospectively during the first years of their lives. In 1993, this study was repeated with a similar methodology, with the aim of assessing eventual changes in the level of maternal and child health. All five maternity hospitals in the city were visited daily and the 5,304 babies born included in the study. They were weighed and measured, and their gestational age was assessed using the Dubowitz method. Their mothers were examined and interviewed regarding a large number of risk factors. The mortality of these children was studied through the surveillance of all hospitals, cemeteries and death registries, and all hospital admissions were also recorded. Two nested case-control studies were carried out to assess risk factors for mortality and hospital morbidity. A systematic sample of 655 children were examined at home at one and three months of age, and these infants, as well as another sample of 805 children including all low-birthweight babies were also examined at the ages of six and twelve months. Their psychomotor development was also assessed. Losses to follow-up were only 6.6% at twelve months. Relative to the 1982 indicators, perinatal mortality fell by about 30% and infant mortality by almost 50%. The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 3.1 to 4.0 months. On the other hand, there was little change in the prevalences of low birthweight or of length for age at twelve months. The article that refers this abstract describes the methodology of the study and forthcoming publications will present detailed results

Needs for care and service use in dementia : baseline assessment of Portuguese participants in the Actifcare cohort study

Copyright © Acta Médica PortuguesaIntroduction: People with dementia and their relatives should have timely access to formal care in the community. The EU-Actifcare project analysed access to and use of formal services, as related to unmet needs for care. We describe the cohort study implementation and baseline results in Portugal, with a focus on needs for care and service use assessments. Material and Methods: Our convenience sample consisted of 66 dyads of community-dwelling people with mild to moderate dementia and no significant use of formal services, and their informal carers. Measures included the Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly and Resources Utilization in Dementia. Results: People with dementia had unmet needs (mean 1.1; SD 1.7), mainly regarding company (23%), psychological distress (20%), and daily activities (14%). Family caregivers spent 150 minutes/day (median) providing support, and 44% had psychological distress unmet needs. Problems with access to or use of formal services, when present, were frequently due to attitudes or lack of knowledge of any or both members of the dyad. Discussion: The recruitment process was challenging, since the inclusion criteria were restrictive. Not claiming generalizability, we recruited a typical sample of Portuguese people with mild to moderate dementia and no significant formal community support. Levels and type of unmet needs found in some participants would call for formal support, were it not for problems regarding access or use. Conclusion: There are difficulties regarding timely access and effective use of formal care in dementia, along with relevant unmet needsIntrodução: As pessoas com demência e os seus familiares deveriam ter acesso atempado a cuidados formais na comunidade (centros de dia, apoio domiciliário). O projecto EU-Actifcare investigou o acesso/utilização destes serviços em países europeus. Descrevemos a implementação do estudo de coorte e a avaliação inicial em Portugal, com foco nas necessidades de cuidados e recurso aos serviços. Material e Métodos: Selecionámos uma amostra de conveniência de 66 pessoas com diagnóstico de demência ligeira a moderada (residindo na comunidade sem cuidados formais relevantes) e respetivos familiares-cuidadores. A avaliação (clínico-funcional e social) incluiu os instrumentos Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly e Resource Utilization in Dementia. Resultados: Identificámos necessidades não-cobertas dos doentes (média 1,1; DP = 1,7), principalmente de companhia (23% dos casos), sofrimento psicológico (20%) e atividades diárias (14%). Os familiares-cuidadores dedicavam 150 minutos/dia (mediana) à prestação de cuidados e 44% apresentavam necessidades não-cobertas de sofrimento psicológico. Quando havia problemas de acesso/utilização dos serviços de saúde e sociais na comunidade, estes estavam frequentemente relacionados com recusa ou desconhecimento de utentes/familiares. Discussão: A seleção dos participantes não foi fácil, pela especificidade dos critérios adotados. Não almejando representatividade nacional, recrutámos uma amostra típica de pessoas em estádios ligeiros a moderados de demência, em serviços e regiões diferentes. Nalguns casos, encontrámos necessidades não-cobertas e repercussões familiares que já justificariam respostas de serviços na comunidade, não fossem os problemas de acesso/utilização. Conclusão: Na área das demências, existem dificuldades no acesso atempado e utilização efectiva de cuidados formais, coexistindo com uma cobertura menor de necessidades específicas.O projeto Actifcare em Portugal foi financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-JPND- -HC-0001/2012), com o apoio da iniciativa de Programação Conjunta da União Europeia – Investigação em Doenças Neurodegenerativas, JPND (EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research), JPND/2013/2. Maria J. Marques foi apoiada pela FCT (PD/ BD/128011/2016) e pelo Fundo Social Europeu através do Programa Operacional Potencial Humano.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types