Proof-of-Principle Study Suggesting Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Butyrate and Propionate in Periodontal Cells.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are potent immune modulators present in the gingival crevicular fluid. It is therefore likely that SCFAs exert a role in periodontal health and disease. To better understand how SCFAs can module inflammation, we screened acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid for their potential ability to lower the inflammatory response of macrophages, gingival fibroblasts, and oral epithelial cells in vitro. To this end, RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages were exposed to LPSs from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) with and without the SCFAs. Moreover, gingival fibroblasts and HSC2 oral epithelial cells were exposed to IL1β and TNFα with and without the SCFAs. We report here that butyrate was effective in reducing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of IL6 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) in the RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages. Butyrate also reduced the IL1β and TNFα-induced expression of IL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and CXCL2 in gingival fibroblasts. Likewise, butyrate lowered the induced expression of CXCL1 and CXCL2, but not IL8, in HSC2 cells. Butyrate further caused a reduction of p65 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 macrophages, gingival fibroblasts, and HSC2 cells. Propionate and acetate partially lowered the inflammatory response in vitro but did not reach the level of significance. These findings suggest that not only macrophages, but also gingival fibroblasts and oral epithelial cells are susceptive to the anti-inflammatory activity of butyrate

O MÚLTIPLO E O DIVERSO EM "VÍCIOS E VIRTUDES"

The Helder Macedo's narrative presents us the writer who meets a friend, also writer, and listens from him the story of his loves. The text inside the text leads us, in a spiral movement, from the author to the character, from the present to the past, from the contingent to the history. The present work aims to reflect on the games of masks formulated by Macedo from the overlapping of registers and narrative plans that is presented in his novel.A narrativa de Helder Macedo conta-nos do escritor que encontra o amigo, também escritor, e ouve desse a história de seus amores. O texto dentro do texto vai nos levando, em espiral, do autor à personagem, do presente ao passado, do contingente ao  histórico.  Este  trabalho  pretende  refletir  sobre  os  jogos  de  máscaras  e  fingimentos formulados por Macedo a partir da sobreposição de registros e de planos narrativos que este seu livro apresenta

Interleukin-6 Expression of Osteogenic Cell Lines Grown on Laser-Treated and Hydroxyapatite-Coated Titanium Discs

The laser treatment and hydroxyapatite coating of dental implants are supposed to enhance osseointegration, but prior to preclinical testing, any negative impact on cell viability should be ruled out. This study aimed to evaluate the response of murine osteogenic cell lineage MC3T3-E1 and the bone marrow-derived stromal cells ST2 to surface modifications of machined titanium discs, e.g., laser treatment without and with hydroxyapatite coating, as well as sandblasting followed by acid etching. Scanning electron microscopy and the contact angle measurements revealed that laser treatment caused a honeycomb surface and higher wettability compared to a machined or sandblasting acid-etched surface. Hydroxyapatite coating, however, not only reduced the viability of MC3T3-E1 and ST2 cells but also provoked the expression and release of interleukin-6. These findings suggest that the laser treatment of titanium supports its hydrophilicity, but adding hydroxyapatite can reduce cell viability and induce the concomitant release of inflammatory cytokines