Obesity and dental caries: systematic review

OBJETIVO Analisar evidências da associação entre obesidade e cárie dentária. MÉTODOS Foi realizada revisão sistemática de artigos indexados nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Web of Sciences e LILACS, no período entre 2005 e janeiro de 2012, para identificar associação existente entre obesidade e carie dentária. A qualidade da evidência cientifica dos artigos selecionados foi verificada pelos itens propostos para estudos observacionais do instrumento Downs & Black. RESULTADOS Inicialmente foram encontradas 537 referências após a verificação dos títulos e resumos por dois pesquisadores independentes. Foram selecionados 27 artigos para leitura completa. Destes, dez avaliaram dentição decídua e/ou permanente e observaram uma associação positiva entre obesidade e cárie dentária, sendo que um estudo encontrou uma associação inversa. Segundo a classificação de Downs & Black, treze artigos foram considerados com boa evidência científica. CONCLUSÕES A presente revisão não encontrou evidências suficientes quanto à associação entre obesidade e cárie, assim como não esclareceu o possível papel da dieta e de outros possíveis modificadores de efeito nessa associação.OBJETIVO Analizar evidencias de la asociación entre obesidad y caries dental. MÉTODOS Se realizó revisión sistemática de artículos indexados en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, Web os Sciences y LILACS, en el período entre 2005 y enero de 2012, para identificar asociación existente entre obesidad y caries dental. La calidad de la evidencia científica de los artículos seleccionados fue verificada por los ítems propuestos para estudios observacionales del instrumento Downs & Black. RESULTADOS Inicialmente se encontraron 537 referencias, posterior a la verificación de los títulos y resúmenes por dos investigadores independientes. Se seleccionaron 27 artículos para la lectura completa. De estos, diez evaluaron dentición decidua y/o permanente y observaron una asociación positiva entre obesidad y caries dental, siendo que un estudio encontró una asociación inversa. De acuerdo con la clasificación de Downs & Black, trece artículos fueron considerados con buena evidencia científica. CONCLUSIONES La presente revisión no encontró evidencias suficientes con respecto a la asociación entre obesidad y caries, así como tampoco aclaró el posible papel de la dieta y de otros posibles modificadores de efecto en esta asociación.OBJECTIVE Identifying, through a systematic literature review, evidence of a possible association between obesity and dental caries. METHODS A search of articles published between 2005 and January 2012 was performed in the Medline/PubMed, LILACS and Web of Science databases. The quality of scientific evidence of the selected articles was assessed by the items proposed for observational studies in the Downs & Black instrument. RESULTS Initially, 537 references were found; after checking the titles and abstracts by two independent researchers, twenty-eight articles were selected for complete reading. Ten of them that assessed the primary and/or permanent dentition observed a positive association between obesity and dental caries and one study found an inverse association. According to the Downs & Black classification, thirteen articles with good scientific evidence were found. CONCLUSIONS The present review did not find sufficient evidence regarding the association between obesity and dental caries, and it did not clarify the possible role of diet and other possible effect modifiers on this association

Avaliação do controle da asma em universitários no sul do Brasil

Objective: To measure the level of asthma control in students who have reported wheezing in the last year through the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with students for the University Federal of Pelotas (UFPel) in 2017, including 1865 university students aged 18 years or over. Results: About 19% of the interviewees reported wheezing in the last year. Of these, 14% had uncontrolled asthma (ACT ≤ 18 points). The highest prevalence of uncontrolled asthma was observed among females, in individuals aged 24 years or older, with brown skin color, in one quarter of university students in class D and E, and who did not smoke and did not consume alcohol. Conclusion: Although the population studied was composed by university students, a considerable percentage of them had uncontrolled asthma.Objetivo: Mensurar o nível de controle da asma em estudantes com relato de chiado no peito no último ano através do Asthma Control Test (ACT). Método: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado com ingressantes na Universidade Federal de sexo feminino, em indivíduos com 24 anos ou mais, com a cor da pele parda, em um quarto Pelotas (UFPel) em 2017, incluindo 1.865 universitários com 18 anos ou mais.  Resultados: Cerca de 19% dos universitários apresentaram chiado no peito nos 12 meses que antecederam a entrevista. Destes, 14% apresentaram asma não controlada (ACT ≤18 pontos). A maior prevalência de asma não controlada foi observada no dos universitários pertencentes às classes D e E, e naqueles que não fumam e não consomem bebida alcoólica. Conclusão: Apesar de a população estudada ser composta por universitários, observou-se uma prevalência expressiva de asma não controlada

MICROSCOPIA CONFOCAL DO CARCINOMA BASOCELULAR – A PROPÓSITO DE 2 CASOS CLÍNICOS

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) allows a high resolution imaging for in vivo non-invasive evalu- ation of skin lesions. Confocal imaging diagnostic criteria for BCC are described and two case reports presented. The authors review this topic and emphasize the RCM role as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis, no disease assumption and monitoring of recurrences after treatment.KEYWORDS – Microscopy, Confocal; Carcinoma, Basal Cell.A microscopia confocal (MC) permite obter imagens in vivo da pele não invasivas e de alta resolução. A propósito de dois casos clínicos são descritos os critérios de diagnóstico de CBC na MC. Os autores fazem uma revisão deste tema e salientam o papel da MC como método não invasivo de diagnóstico e/ ou evidência de cura e de monitorização de recidiva após tratamento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Microscopia Confocal; Carcinoma Basocelular

Efficacy of the FEV1/FEV6 ratio compared to the FEV1/FVC ratio for the diagnosis of airway obstruction in subjects aged 40 years or over

The present cross-sectional, population-based study was designed to evaluate the performance of the FEV1/FEV6 ratio for the detection of airway-obstructed subjects compared to the FEV1/FVC <0.70 fixed ratio test, as well as the lower limit of normality (LLN) for 1000 subjects ³40 years of age in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. After the exclusion of 37 (3.7%) spirometries, a total of 963 pre-bronchodilator (BD) and 918 post-BD curves were constructed. The majority of the post-BD curves (93.1%) were of very good quality and achieved grade A (762 curves) or B (93 curves). The FEV1/FEV6 and FEV1/FVC ratios were highly correlated (r² = 0.92, P < 0.000). Two receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed in order to express the imbalance between the sensitivity and specificity of the FEV1/FEV6 ratio compared to two FEV1/FVC cut-off points for airway obstruction: equal to 70 (area under the curve = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and the LLN (area under the curve = 0.97, P < 0.0001), in the post-BD curves. According to an FEV1/FVC <0.70, the cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio with the highest sum for sensitivity and specificity was 0.75. The FEV1/FEV6 ratio can be considered to be a good alternative to the FEV1/FVC ratio for the diagnosis of airway obstruction, both using a fixed cut-off point or below the LLN as reference. The FEV1/FEV6 ratio has the additional advantage of being an easier maneuver for the subjects and for the lung function technicians, providing a higher reproducibility than traditional spirometry maneuvers.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Disciplina de Pneumologia e Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarUniversidade Católica do SalvadorFaculdade de Tecnologia e CiênciasNational Institute of Respiratory DiseasesUniversidade Federal da Bahia Disciplina de PneumologiaUniversidade Federal de Pelotas Programa de Pós-graduação em EpidemiologiaPLATINO GroupUNIFESP, EPM, Disciplina de Pneumologia e Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarSciEL

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated in São Paulo (Brazil): results of the PLATINO study

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease in adults over 40 years of age and has a great social and economic impact. It remains little recognized and undertreated even in developed countries. However, there are no data about its diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the proportion of COPD patients who had never been diagnosed and to determine if the COPD patients who had been identified were receiving appropriate treatment. The Latin American Project for the Investigation of Obstructive Lung Disease (PLATINO) was a randomized epidemiological study of adults over 40 years living in five metropolitan areas, including São Paulo. The studied sample was randomly selected from the population after a division of the metropolitan area of São Paulo in clusters according to social characteristics. All subjects answered a standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, history of smoking, previous diagnosis of lung disease, and treatments. All subjects performed spirometry. The criterion for the diagnosis of COPD was defined by a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio lower than 0.7. A total of 918 subjects were evaluated and 144 (15.8%) met the diagnostic criterion for COPD. However, 126 individuals (87.5%) had never been diagnosed. This undiagnosed group of COPD patients had a lower proportion of subjects with respiratory symptoms than the previously diagnosed patients (88.9 vs 54.8%) and showed better lung function with greater FEV1 (86.8 ± 20.8 vs 68.5 ± 23.6% predicted) and FVC (106.6 ± 22.4 vs 92.0 ± 24.1% predicted). Among the COPD patients, only 57.3% were advised to stop smoking and 30.6% received the influenza vaccine. In addition, 82.3% did not receive any pharmacological treatment. In conclusion, COPD is underdiagnosed and a large number of COPD patients are not treated appropriately.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarUniversidade Federal da BahiaUniversidade Católica de Salvador Faculdade de Tecnologia e CiênciasUniversidade Federal de Pelotas Programa de Pós-graduação em EpidemiologiaNational Institute of Respiratory DiseasesPLATINO GroupUNIFESP, EPM, Centro de Reabilitação PulmonarSciEL

Waist circumference and pulmonary function: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Studies have reported an impact of central obesity on people’s health. The literature is scarce on the effects of waist circumference (WC) on pulmonary function. Our objective was to review the literature on the association between WC and pulmonary function. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out in the PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The search included published, in press and online documents up to December 2011. A meta-analysis was carried out to obtain the pooled effect, and a meta-regression was performed to evaluate sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: From the 547 studies identified, 10 were included. The meta-analysis revealed an inverse relationship between WC and pulmonary function parameters, indicating that the effect was greater among men (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1) β = −15.9 (95% confidence interval = −23.2, −8.5); forced vital capacity (FVC) β = −16.6 (95% confidence interval = −21.0, −12.2)) compared with women (FEV(1) β = −5.6 (95% confidence interval = −9.1, −2.1); FVC β = −7.0 (95% confidence interval = −9.1, −4.8)). The meta-regression identified sex as the characteristic that most contributed to the heterogeneity (R(2) = 54.8% for FEV(1) and R(2) = 85.7% for FVC). CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be an inverse relationship between WC and pulmonary function, mainly in men. More population-based studies should be performed, especially among children and adolescents, to confirm these findings

Condutas na prevenção secundária do câncer de mama e fatores associados

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of secondary prevention of breast cancer and associated factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Pelotas, southeastern Brazil, in 2002. The study sample comprised 879 women aged 40 to 69 years. Information was collected on demographic, social, economic, behavioral, biological and care management variables. Statistical analysis based on Poisson regression model was carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of breast self-examination (BSE) was 83.5% (95% CI: 80.9-85.9). Of them, 80.4% (95% CI: 77.3-83.2) carried out BSE at least once a month. The prevalence of clinical breast examination was 83.3% (95% CI: 80.6-85.7). Mammography was occasionally performed in 70% (95% CI: 66.8-73.0) of the sample. Of these women, 83.7% (95% CI: 80.5-86.6) underwent mammography at least once in the last two years. Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 58.7-65.2) of the women interviewed attended a gynecological visit at least once in the last year. The factors mainly associated to the high prevalence of secondary prevention of breast cancer were: higher social status; greater association of risk factors for breast cancer; family history of breast cancer; hormone replacement therapy and previous breast biopsy or surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures for breast cancer have been widely taken in the study sample; however, data points out to some limitations related to efficacy. Social and economic status seems to be a major determinant to gynecological care access and, consequently, access to secondary prevention of breast cancer.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de condutas na prevenção secundária do câncer de mama e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de base populacional na cidade de Pelotas, RS, em 2002, com amostra de 879 mulheres de 40 a 69 anos. Foram coletadas informações sobre variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais, biológicas e referentes ao manejo médico. A análise estatística das variáveis foi realizada utilizando o método de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do "hábito de realizar o auto-exame" encontrada foi de 83,5% (IC 95%: 80,9-85,9), sendo que, dessas mulheres, 80,4% (IC 95%: 77,3-83,2) o realizavam ao menos uma vez ao mês. A prevalência de "exame clínico de mamas" foi de 83,3% (IC 95%: 80,6-85,7). "Mamografia alguma vez na vida" mostrou prevalência de 70% (IC 95%: 66,8-73,0), sendo que 83,7% (IC 95%: 80,5-86,6) realizaram a última mamografia há dois anos ou menos. Das entrevistadas, 62% (IC 95%: 58,7-65,2) consultaram ginecologista ao menos uma vez no último ano. Os fatores associados a maiores prevalências das condutas na prevenção secundária do câncer de mama foram: pertencer às classes sociais mais altas; ter a maior combinação de fatores de risco para neoplasia mamária; ter história familiar de câncer de mama; fazer uso de terapia de reposição hormonal e ter sido submetida à biópsia por patologia mamária. CONCLUSÕES: As medidas preventivas para o câncer de mama vêm sendo bastante utilizadas quantitativamente; entretanto, os dados apontam para limitações em relação à sua adequação. O nível socioeconômico parece ser o principal determinante do acesso à consulta ginecológica e, conseqüentemente, às demais condutas na prevenção secundária do câncer de mama